The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History Part 4

=Back, Sir George= (1796-1878). Entered the navy as mids.h.i.+pman in 1808; accompanied Franklin on his Arctic expeditions of 1818, 1819-1822, and 1824-1827. Promoted lieutenant, 1822, and commander, 1827. In 1833-1835, led an expedition through what is now northern Canada, to the sh.o.r.es of the Arctic, to ascertain the fate of Captain Ross. The expedition resulted in the exploration of Great Fish River, which was renamed Back River in honour of the explorer. In 1836 explored the Arctic coast, between Regent Inlet and Cape Turnagain. Twice granted the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society; knighted, 1839; promoted admiral, 1857.

=Bib.=: Works: _Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition_; _Narrative of Expedition in H.M.S. Terror_. For biog., _see_ _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Badeaux.= =Dr= His account of American invasion, 89.

=Badgley, William= (1801-1888). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called to the bar, 1823. Member of the Legislative a.s.sembly, 1847-1855; member of the Executive Council for Lower Canada, 1847-1848; appointed attorney-general. Judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1855-1863; a.s.sistant judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Quebec, 1863-1864; puisne judge of the same Court, 1866-1874. =Index=: =E= Made a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. =S= Member of Const.i.tutional a.s.sociation, 112. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._

=Badin, Father.= =L= Companion of Father Marquette, 62.

=Bagot, Sir Charles= (1781-1843). Born in England. Educated at Rugby and Oxford; entered Parliament, 1807, becoming under-secretary for foreign affairs. Minister plenipotentiary to France, 1814; and to the United States, 1815-1820. Privy councillor, 1815; amba.s.sador to St. Petersburg, 1820; and to the Hague, 1824. Governor-general of Canada, 1841-1843.

Died in Kingston soon after retiring from office. =Index=: =Sy= Follows Canadian line of policy, 351; finds country tranquil, 355. =BL= His letter to Lord Stanley on La Fontaine's arrest, 49; succeeds Sydenham, 113; a Tory of the old school, 113; previous career, 113; his policy, 113-114; studies political conditions, 114-115; his popularity in Lower Canada, 115; plans a coalition government, 117; his speech from the throne, 122; anxious to bring Baldwin and La Fontaine into Cabinet, 121; his letter to La Fontaine, 122-124; denounced by Tory press, 140-142; difficulties of his position, 141; his illness, 149; subjected to bitter attacks and censure, 149-152; asks for and obtains his recall, 152; his death, May 19, 1843, 152; denounced even in death, 153; on responsible government, 162, 163, 164; Kaye on, 171; lays corner-stone of King's College, 193. =E= His political att.i.tude as governor, 30; friendly towards French-Canadians, 30-31. =R= Supported by Ryerson, 122; favourable att.i.tude towards popular government, 126; question of popular education, 163. =B= Relations of Peel government with, xii; friendly att.i.tude towards French-Canadians, 16; attacked by Tories for bringing La Fontaine and Baldwin into Cabinet, 16; his action denounced by Peel and Duke of Wellington, 17, 18; recalled at his own request, 18; his death, 18. =C= Concedes responsible government, 17. =Md= Succeeds Sydenham, 17; brings Reform leaders into Cabinet, 18; resigns government, 18. =Bib.=: Richardson, _Eight Years in Canada_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_, Dent, _Last Forty Years_ and _Can. Por.; Dict. Nat.

Biog._

=Bagot, Father.= =L= Director of Jesuit college of La Fleche, 20.

=Baie de Chaleur.= In west coast of Gulf of St. Lawrence, on boundary between Quebec and New Brunswick. Discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534, described in his narrative, and so named because he found it as warm there as in sunny Spain.

=Baie St. Paul.= A village in Charlevoix County, sixty miles below Quebec. =Index=: =WM= Settlements near burnt by Wolfe's orders, 150.

=Bailiffs.= =Dr= Accused of instigating litigation, 53.

=Baillie, Thomas.= =W= Commissioner of crown lands for New Brunswick, 1824-1851, 21; his income exceeded that of the lieutenant-governor, 21; his enormous pension, 22; protests against reduction of his salary, 62; surveyor-general, retires, 69; elected to a.s.sembly for York, 103; retires from government and pensioned, 116.

=Bailly, Mgr.= =Dr= Coadjutor bishop of Quebec, on education in Canada, 229.

=Bailly, Francois.= =L= Master mason of Montreal church, 88.

=Bain, James= (1842-1908). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with his parents at early age; educated at the Toronto Academy and the Toronto Grammar School. Spent some years in London engaged in the publis.h.i.+ng business. Returned to Canada, 1882; appointed chief librarian of Toronto Public Library, 1883. =Index=: =Bk= Discovers list of Brock's books, 135. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men._

=Baldoon.= A settlement near Lake St. Clair in Upper Canada, made by Lord Selkirk, 1803, and named after one of his own estates. =Index=: =MS= Highland colonists in Prince Edward Island settled at, 133; Alexander Macdonell in charge of, 133.

=Baldoon Street.= Built by Selkirk settlers, from Baldoon to Chatham on the River Thames. =Index=: =MS= Connected Baldoon and Chatham, 33.

=Baldwin, C. T.= Born in Ireland. Entered the army; served throughout the Peninsular War; afterwards in the West Indies; for a time in the service of the emperor of Brazil. Emigrated to Canada. Served during the Rebellion of 1837-1838, in command of a regiment of militia. A magistrate, and in political life a follower of Robert Baldwin. Died, 1861. =Index=: =B= Presents address to Elgin, 36. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.

Can._

=Baldwin, Robert= (1804-1858). =Index=: =BL= Name a.s.sociated with responsible government, ix; a "man of one idea," ix; his ancestry, 23; born, May 12, 1804, at York, 25; early years, 25; studies law, 25; called to the bar, 1825, 26; political views, 27; in public life, 28; drafts Willis pet.i.tion, 29; enters the Legislature, 31; defeated in next election, 31; his marriage, 32; appointed to Council by Head, 38; recommended by Colborne for a seat in Legislative Council, 38-39; death of his wife, 39; his letter to Peter Perry, 39; disapproves of an elective Legislative Council, 40; resigns from Council, 41; sails for England, 42; his connection with Rebellion of 1837, 44-45; enters into correspondence with La Fontaine and other Lower Canada leaders, 63; offered by Sydenham solicitor-generals.h.i.+p of Upper Canada, and accepts, 63; made an executive councillor, 64; resigns office, 64; his action condemned, 64; his motives, 64-67; elected in two const.i.tuencies, 69; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 76; his views, 76-77; his letter to Sydenham on personnel of new Cabinet, 78-79; calls meeting of Reform party, 79; commends reconstruction of ministry, 79-80; his resignation, 80; censured by Poulett Scrope, 80; his uncompromising att.i.tude in matter of responsible government, 81; his att.i.tude in the Legislature, 85; his speech on responsible government, 1841, 92-94; supports Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; sides with French-Canadians on question of public works, 99; opposes Munic.i.p.al Government Bill, 102; his relations with Hincks, 103; his resolutions on responsible government, 108-110; proposes candidature of La Fontaine in York County, 116; Bagot anxious to bring him into the Cabinet, 121; referred to in Draper's speech, 127; replies to Draper, 128-130; withdraws amendment, 132; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 134; his defeat in Hastings--account of the election, 134-136; beaten in York, 136; elected for Rimouski, 137; att.i.tude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance with La Fontaine, 142-143; personal appearance, 148; references to in pet.i.tion to governor, 166, 167; Kaye's description of, 169, 170-171; Davies on, 172; his part in the a.s.sembly, 178-179; moves resolution to remove capital to Montreal, 182; his speech, 183; his bill for the discouragement of secret societies, 185-188; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 187; his University of Toronto Bill, 190-197; resigns office, 199; his interview with Metcalfe, 201; the official statements of La Fontaine and Metcalfe, giving their respective versions of the causes of the ministers' resignation, 201-209; presents to a.s.sembly the reasons for his resignation, 213-214; returns to practise law in Toronto, 217; Wakefield on, 219; heads the agitation against Metcalfe in Upper Canada, 220; guest of honour at Toronto banquet, 220-221; his speech, 221; address before Reform a.s.sociation, 221-223; speaks at public meetings, 225; address from his const.i.tuents of Rimouski, 225; tours Lower Canada, 226; his political views, 229-230; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, 236; his speech in Toronto, May, 1844, 238; attacked by Buchanan, 239-240; criticized by Ryerson, 242, 243, 245-246; resigns as Queen's Counsel, 250; elected in York, 252; his University Bill, 256; moves vote of censure against the governor-general, 256; attacks Metcalfe in the a.s.sembly, 257; referred to in Caron's letter, 260; correspondence with La Fontaine as to Draper's proposals, 261, 262, 263-265; his speech at public dinner given him in November, 1846, 268-269; his tour of Western Canada, 269; on responsible government, 273; moves amendment to address, 277; aids in foundation of Emigration a.s.sociation, 278; elected in York, 279; in second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281-284; proposes Morin for Speaker, 283; interview with Elgin, 285; re-elected, 286; his Munic.i.p.al Corporations Act and University Act, 292-300; revision of judicial system in Upper Canada, 300-301; his part in Rebellion Losses Bill, 310, 311-312; burned in effigy in Toronto, 318-319; his boarding house in Montreal attacked by the mob, 324; pet.i.tions for removal of Navigation Act, 337; his political views, 339-340; his relations with George Brown, 342; his att.i.tude on secularization of Clergy Reserves, 348-349; his resignation, 352-353; MacNab's tribute, 353; defeated in York and retires finally from public life, 357; lives in retirement at "Spadina," 357; made a C.B., 357; offered chief-justices.h.i.+p of Common Pleas, 357; and nomination for seat in Legislative Council, 358; failing health compels him to decline both offers, 358; his death, Dec. 9, 1858, 358; value of his public work, 359-360. =Sy= His premature demand for strict party government, 187; consulted by Sydenham in regard to Clergy Reserves question, 247; made solicitor-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283; advises Sydenham as to choice of returning officers and polling places, 290; his defection from Sydenham's government, 294, 296; opposes some of the most beneficial measures of government, 296; loses for a time sympathy of Reformers, 299, 307; Sydenham's remarks upon his manoeuvres, 305-307; opposes Sydenham's Bill for local self-government in Upper Canada, 323. =R= Resigns, 122; forms party with Hincks, La Fontaine, and others, 122; moves resolutions on responsible government, 122-123; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126, 128; his scheme for a provincial university, 149-152; his resignation, 152; his University Bill of 1849, 157-159, 160; secures disallowance of School Bill of 1849, 182. =E= On responsible government, 28; his political att.i.tude, 30; forms ministry with La Fontaine in 1842, 31; his greatest desire the success of responsible government, 32; his conflict with Metcalfe, 34; in opposition, 45; returned in elections of 1847, 50; on parliamentary government, 51; sent for by Elgin, 52; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 53; remains in office until 1851, 85; sound views on parliamentary practice, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical statesmans.h.i.+p, 93; carries measure for creation of University of Toronto, 93, 94; views on Clergy Reserves, 102-103, 160, 162-163, 164; his resignation and its causes, 103-104, 112; his retirement from politics, 104, 107; and death, 1858, 104, 220; his strong views on Imperial connection, 229-230; his value as a statesman, 236. =P= Alliance with La Fontaine, 168. =C= Forms alliance with La Fontaine, 16; called to Council by Bagot, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again, 1846, 18; "great reformer and good man," 97; his influence with La Fontaine's against racial antagonisms, 97; with La Fontaine, 99; wins const.i.tutional battle, 100; circ.u.mstances which led to his retirement from politics, 132. =B= Called to Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with Metcalfe, 19; "father of responsible government," 21; criticized by Ryerson, 22-23; his views obnoxious to Metcalfe, 23; his wise leaders.h.i.+p of Reformers, 24; forms administration with La Fontaine, 33; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 36; legislation of his ministry, 39; government defended by George Brown, 42; his retirement, 44, 47, 48; approves of MacNab-Morin coalition, 78; leader of movement for responsible government, 261; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his retirement, 262. =Md= Brought into Cabinet by Sir Charles Bagot, 18; resigns, 1843, 18; criticized by extremists in his own party, 22; resigns from La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 46; approves coalition of 1854, 64; cause of his resignation, 78-79. =Mc= Defends Judge Willis, 133; supported by Mackenzie, 159; elected to the a.s.sembly, 159; on banks in politics, 170; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294; goes to England, 305; opposed by Head, 305; accompanies flag of truce, 368; retires from Executive Council, 408; Mackenzie defeats government of, 492. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Taylor, _Brit. Am._; Davin, _The Irishman in Canada_; Baldwin, _Correspondence_ (Toronto Public Library Mss.).

=Baldwin, William Warren.= Born in Ireland. Came to Canada 1798, and finally settled in York, now known as Toronto. Represented Norfolk in the Legislature of Upper Canada. Died 1844. =Index=: =BL= Comes to Canada 1798, 23; practises medicine at York, 24; opens a cla.s.sical school, 24, 106; practises law, 25; his marriage, 25; father of Robert Baldwin, 25; purchases "Spadina," 26; political views, 26-27; chairman of public meeting in Willis affair, 28; president of Const.i.tutional Reform Society, 42; member of Legislative Council, 177. =Mc= Upholds Judge Willis, 132; protests against his removal, 133. =Bib.=: Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_; Scadding, _Toronto of Old_.

=Baldwin Reformer.= =B= Origin of the name, 78.

=Ball.= =Dr= The maiden name of Dorchester's mother, 29.

=Ball.= =F= First given in Canada, 59. _See also_ Amus.e.m.e.nts.

=Ballot.= =Sy= Sydenham an early advocate of, 18.

=Bancroft, George= (1800-1891). Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in Germany. Secretary of the navy, 1845; amba.s.sador to Great Britain, 1846-1849; and in 1867-1874 minister at the court of Berlin. =Index=: =L= On La Salle, 153. =Ch= On the difficulties encountered by missionaries, 87. =Bib.=: _History of the United States_.

For biog., _see_ Howe, _Life and Letters of George Bancroft; Cyc. Am.

Biog._

=Bank of Upper Canada.= Established 1823 with a capital of $41,364, which had increased in 1859 to $3,126,250. Its headquarters were in Toronto. After a long, prosperous career the bank stopped payment in 1866, the chief cause being the collapse in real estate in Canada West in 1857-1858. =Index=: =Mc= Increase of capital vetoed, 215; run on, 340. =Bib.=: _See_ Banking.

=Banking.= The first bank established in Canada was the Bank of Montreal, which dates from the year 1817. The Bank of Quebec was established in 1818; and the Bank of Canada the same year. All three were chartered in 1822. A Banking Act was pa.s.sed in 1841, providing a uniform system of banking. The Act of 1850 prohibited banks other than those incorporated by Parliament or royal charter from issuing notes. It also provided for a deposit with the government to be held as a guarantee; also for bank statistics. Further provisions designed to place banking on a more secure footing were incorporated in the Act of 1871. Further banking legislation was pa.s.sed in 1881 and in 1890.

=Index=: =Sy= Sydenham's plans for establishment of bank of issue, 327-329; idea partially adopted by Sir F. Hincks, as finance minister of Dominion, 330. =Mc= Report of House on system of, 161. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_; Shortt, _Early History of Canadian Banking_; Breckenridge, _Canadian Banking System_; Hague, _Banking and Commerce; Historical Sketch of Canadian Banking, in Canada: An Ency._, vol. 1; _History of the Bank of Nova Scotia_; McLachlan, _The Nova Scotia Treasury Notes_; Walker, _History of Banking in Canada_.

=Banner.= Newspaper, published at Toronto. =Index=: =B= Founded in 1843 by Peter and George Brown, 3, 5; champions government by the people, 5; on disruption of Scottish Church, 6; controversy with the _Church_, 6-7; defines its political principles, 9; becomes the _Globe_, 10; Peter Brown writes for, 243.

=Baptist Church.= Like several other religious denominations in Canada, it had its origin in Nova Scotia. Some Baptists were living in Lunenburg as early as 1753. In 1800 the first Baptist a.s.sociation was formed at Granville, Nova Scotia, and by 1850 there were Baptist a.s.sociations in many parts of the province. In 1828 the Nova Scotia Baptist Educational Society was established. The first church was built in Montreal, 1830; and in 1834 the Baptist Seminary of New Brunswick was founded at Fredericton. In 1852 the Baptist Missionary Society of Canada was established. Since then the Baptists have grown rapidly in all the provinces, and several Baptist colleges and inst.i.tutions have been established, notably Acadia and McMaster Universities (_q.v._). The Baptist Church was organized in British Columbia in 1877. =Index=: =W= First founded in Fredericton, 1813, 10; represented by one member in Legislative Council, 69. =Bib.=: Wells, _History of the Baptist Denomination in Canada_, in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 3; Hill, _Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada_.

=Baranof, Alexander Andrevitch= (1747-1819). Governor of Russian America. Had been manager of a gla.s.s factory at Irkutsk, Siberia; grew tired of the monotonous though profitable business, and engaged in the fur trade of eastern Siberia. Appointed governor of the princ.i.p.al Russian trading company in America, 1790. Nine years later, the different companies were united, and Baranof moved his headquarters from Kadiak to New Archangel (Sitka), where he built a strong fort, with a s.h.i.+pyard, foundry, churches, and hospitals. Even a library and picture-gallery were afterwards added to this little outpost of Russian civilization. In 1818 sailed for home, and died at sea on the voyage.

=Index=: =D= His rule at Sitka, 44; his character, 44; his death, 1819, 45, =Bib.=: Laut, _Vikings of the Pacific_.

=Barbarie, A.= =W= Referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104. =T= Represents Restigouche in New Brunswick a.s.sembly, 18.

=Barclay, Robert H.= Born in Scotland. Took part in the battle of Trafalgar. Sent to Canada, and commander of British naval force on Lake Erie in 1813. On Sept. 10, 1813, defeated by the American fleet under Perry. Subsequently court-martialled, but acquitted. Died, 1837. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._ _See also_ War of 1812.

=Barclay, Thomas= (1753-1830). Born in New York. In 1775 served in the British army during the American Revolution, and in 1777 became major.

At the end of the war moved to Nova Scotia; entered the House of a.s.sembly, and for some time Speaker. Appointed adjutant-general of militia; served as a commissioner under Jay's Treaty; appointed consul-general at New York for the Northern and Eastern states. =Index=: =Bk= Declares war to be inevitable, 202. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Barker, T. B.= =T= Founder of business firm of St. John, 8.

=Barkley, Charles William= (1759-1832). Served in the East India Company; sailed on a trading voyage for sea-otter skins to the North-West Coast, 1787. Brought his bride with him, the first white woman on the North-West Coast. Discovered and named Juan de Fuca Strait the same year, and carried his cargo of furs to China. In 1792 made another voyage to the North-West Coast, again accompanied by his wife, who kept interesting journals of both voyages. Died at North Crescent, Hartford. Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, discovered and named by him.

=Index=: =D= His two voyages to North-West Coast, 23; his wife first woman to visit North-West Coast, 23. =Bib.=: Walbran, _British Columbia Coast Names_.

=Barnsfare, Captain.= =Dr= Commands battery at Pres de Ville, 127.

=Baronets of Nova Scotia.= An order created by James I, in 1625, for the purpose of "advancing the plantation of Nova Scotia." The scheme, which King James had deeply at heart, was designed to a.s.sist Sir William Alexander in his ambitious plans of colonization in the New World, by offering a special inducement to men of position in Scotland to take tracts of land in Nova Scotia, and to bring out numbers of colonists to settle upon them. _See also_ Stirling. =Bib.=: Duncan, _Royal Province of New Scotland and her Baronets_; Bourinot, _Builders of Nova Scotia_; Patterson, _Sir William Alexander_ (R. S. C., 1892); Mackenzie, _Baronets of Nova Scotia_ (R. S. C., 1901); _Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts Relating to the Colonisation of Nova Scotia and the Inst.i.tution of the Order of Knights Baronet of Nova Scotia_; Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Barre, Isaac= (1726-1802). Born in Ireland. Served under Wolfe against Rochefort in 1757, and at Quebec in 1759, being at Wolfe's side when he fell. Entered Parliament, 1761, and a member until 1790. In 1763-1764 adjutant-general and governor of Stirling; in 1764-1768, vice-treasurer of Ireland and a privy councillor; in 1782, treasurer of the navy.

=Index=: =Dr= On Quebec Act, 67. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Barren Grounds.= The region of northern Canada, lying between the Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay, and from the northern timber-line to the Arctic. First visited by Samuel Hearne in 1770-1772. Late explorers who traversed portions of the country are Franklin, in 1821; Back, in 1833; Dease and Simpson, in 1839; Richardson in 1848; and Anderson in 1855. Within more recent years, Warburton Pike, J. B. Tyrrell, J. W.

Tyrrell, D. T. Hanbury and Caspar Whitney have explored parts of the Barren Grounds. =Bib.=: Hearne, _Journey to the Northern Ocean_; Franklin, _Narrative_; Back, _Arctic Land Expedition_; Simpson, _North Coasts of America_; Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_; Anderson, _Descent of Great Fish River_, in _Royal Geog. Soc. Journal_, 1856 and 1857; Pike, _Barren Grounds_; Tyrrell, _Across the Sub-Arctics_; Hanbury, _Northland of Canada_; Whitney, _On Snowshoes to the Barren Grounds_.

=Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount= (1717-1793). Entered Parliament, 1740. Lord commissioner of Admiralty, 1746; a privy councillor, 1755; chancellor of the exchequer, 1761; treasurer of the navy, 1762; secretary of war, 1765-1768; joint postmaster-general, 1782.

=Index=: =Hd= Informs Haldimand he owes promotion to the king, 83; summary sent him of Haldimand's expenses, 107; compliments Haldimand, 113; promises Haldimand pay as inspector-general, 329. =Bib.=: _Dict.

Nat. Biog._

=Barron, Commodore= (1769-1851). Born in Virginia. In command of the _Chesapeake_, on board which were some British deserters, 1807. On the refusal of Barron to give them up, the British frigate _Leopard_ attacked and compelled his surrender. Court-martialled and suspended from rank and pay for five years. Fought and killed Commodore Decatur in a duel, 1820. Became senior officer of the navy, 1839. =Index=: =Bk= Enlists deserters from British s.h.i.+ps on board _Chesapeake_, 83, 85.

=Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; _Correspondence between the late Commodore Stephen Decatur and Commodore James Barron_.

=Barter.= =L= Practised in colony in early days, 122.

=Barthe, J. G.= Member for Yamaska in Canadian a.s.sembly, 1841-1844.

=Index=: =BL= Takes part in Rebellion of 1837; afterwards edits _L'Avenir du Canada_; member for Yamaska; offered and refuses seat in Cabinet, 236.

=Basques.= A pre-Aryan race, occupying the border-land between France and Spain. a.s.sertions have repeatedly been made that they made voyages to America, and discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, before Cartier, and even before Cabot, but these have never been substantiated. All the evidence goes to show that they frequented the Newfoundland fisheries in the sixteenth century, but not earlier. =Index=: =Ch= Contraband traders, 140; threaten French on St. Pierre Island, 174. =Bib.=: Dawson, _The St. Lawrence Basin_; Reade, _The Basques in North America_ (R. S.

C., 1888); Howley, _Old Basque Tombstones at Placentia_.