Nine Parts of Desire Part 10

Hanafi: One cf the main schools of Sunni religious thought. One cf the main schools of Sunni religious thought.

Hanbali: The strictest of the four main schools of Islamic thought. The strictest of the four main schools of Islamic thought.

Haram: Religiously forbidden. It is necessary to abstain from that which is haram. If one performs a haram act, one will be punished by the Islamic court, or in the hereafter, or both. Religiously forbidden. It is necessary to abstain from that which is haram. If one performs a haram act, one will be punished by the Islamic court, or in the hereafter, or both.

Harem: The private quarters of a house, or the women's rooms. Also the women of a family. The private quarters of a house, or the women's rooms. Also the women of a family.

Hezbollah: Literally, the Party of G.o.d. The political/religious group a.s.sociated with Khomeini. Influential among Lebanese s.h.i.+tes. Literally, the Party of G.o.d. The political/religious group a.s.sociated with Khomeini. Influential among Lebanese s.h.i.+tes.

Hijab: Literally, a curtain. Generally, any women's dress that follows Islamic principles. Literally, a curtain. Generally, any women's dress that follows Islamic principles.

Hijrah: The flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina on July 16, in the year 622 of the Christian calendar. The date from which the Muslim calendar begins. The flight of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina on July 16, in the year 622 of the Christian calendar. The date from which the Muslim calendar begins.

Husseiniya: A s.h.i.+te center for study and prayer. A s.h.i.+te center for study and prayer.

Imam: Leader of community prayers. Also, among s.h.i.+tes, the first twelve leaders of their community were given the t.i.tle. Many Iranians revived the t.i.tle for Khomeini. Leader of community prayers. Also, among s.h.i.+tes, the first twelve leaders of their community were given the t.i.tle. Many Iranians revived the t.i.tle for Khomeini.

Jalabiyya: A b.u.t.ton-through, neck-to-ankle coat worn by women, or a loose-fitting robe worn by men. A b.u.t.ton-through, neck-to-ankle coat worn by women, or a loose-fitting robe worn by men.

jihad: Holy effort, or struggle, or war to defend Islam. The closest English equivalent is crusade. Holy effort, or struggle, or war to defend Islam. The closest English equivalent is crusade.

Kaffiyah: A checked headdress, black-and-white or red-and-white, widely worn by men in parts of the Arab world but particularly a.s.sociated with Palestinians, for whom it has become something of a nationalist symbol. A checked headdress, black-and-white or red-and-white, widely worn by men in parts of the Arab world but particularly a.s.sociated with Palestinians, for whom it has become something of a nationalist symbol.

Kunya: The practice of naming a man or woman after a first-born son. A woman known as Umm Walid (mother of Walid) has an eldest son named Walid. The practice of naming a man or woman after a first-born son. A woman known as Umm Walid (mother of Walid) has an eldest son named Walid.

Kurd: A non-Arabic, mostly Muslim people who inhabit the mountainous region between Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey and the former Soviet Union. A non-Arabic, mostly Muslim people who inhabit the mountainous region between Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey and the former Soviet Union.

Maalimah: In Egypt, a woman skilled in folk music and dance who pa.s.ses her knowledge to others. In Egypt, a woman skilled in folk music and dance who pa.s.ses her knowledge to others.

Madra.s.sa: School. School.

Magneh: A cowl-like head covering worn, mostly in Iran, by women. A cowl-like head covering worn, mostly in Iran, by women.

Majlis: Gathering or council. Majlis-as-shura is a consultative council, the closest concept to parliament in Islamic teachings. Gathering or council. Majlis-as-shura is a consultative council, the closest concept to parliament in Islamic teachings.

Makruh: Religiously discouraged, disliked. If one does a makruh act, one won't be punished as for a haram act; but if one refrains from it, one will be rewarded. Religiously discouraged, disliked. If one does a makruh act, one won't be punished as for a haram act; but if one refrains from it, one will be rewarded.

Maliki: One of the major schools of Islamic thought. One of the major schools of Islamic thought.

Meuzzin: One who sings or chants the call to prayer. One who sings or chants the call to prayer.

Minaret: The spire of a mosque from which the meuzzin traditionally calls the faithful to prayer. In modern times, loudspeakers often broadcast recordings instead. The spire of a mosque from which the meuzzin traditionally calls the faithful to prayer. In modern times, loudspeakers often broadcast recordings instead.

Minbar: The pulpit in a mosque. The pulpit in a mosque.

Mosque: In Arabic, In Arabic, masjid. A masjid. A place of Muslim wors.h.i.+p. It may be a simple room or a magnificent marble edifice. place of Muslim wors.h.i.+p. It may be a simple room or a magnificent marble edifice.

Mujtahid: A religious scholar who is an authority on Islamic law and may advise others. A religious scholar who is an authority on Islamic law and may advise others.

Mullah: A clergyman or religious leader. A clergyman or religious leader.

Muslim: Literally, one who submits to G.o.d's will and laws. Literally, one who submits to G.o.d's will and laws.

Mutawain: Saudi Arabia's religious police. Saudi Arabia's religious police.

Muwazzaf: A government bureaucrat. A government bureaucrat.

Niqab: A veil worn by women that completely covers the face. A veil worn by women that completely covers the face.

Roosarie: An Iranian name for a head scarf. An Iranian name for a head scarf.

Salwar Kameez: A calf-length tunic worn over pants. A calf-length tunic worn over pants.

Sharia: Islamic law. Literally, the road to the water hole. Islamic law. Literally, the road to the water hole.

Shayla: An Arabic word for head scarf. An Arabic word for head scarf.

Shehada: The first pillar of the Islamic religion. Literally, profession of faith: "I testify there is no G.o.d but G.o.d and Muhammad is the messenger of G.o.d." The first pillar of the Islamic religion. Literally, profession of faith: "I testify there is no G.o.d but G.o.d and Muhammad is the messenger of G.o.d."

s.h.i.+te: Adherent to the Islamic faction that arose in the seventh century in a split over who should be caliph, or successor, to Muhammad. The s.h.i.+at, or partisans, of Ali ibn Abu Taleb, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, believed that Ali was the legitimate successor and that the leaders.h.i.+p should stay with Muhammad's descendants. The number of s.h.i.+tes worldwide is estimated at around ninety million, or some 9 percent of all Muslims. They are the overwhelming majority in Iran and a slight majority in Iraq, Dubai and Bahrain. Elsewhere, such as Lebanon and Saudi Arabia, they have traditionally been a disadvantaged minority. Adherent to the Islamic faction that arose in the seventh century in a split over who should be caliph, or successor, to Muhammad. The s.h.i.+at, or partisans, of Ali ibn Abu Taleb, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, believed that Ali was the legitimate successor and that the leaders.h.i.+p should stay with Muhammad's descendants. The number of s.h.i.+tes worldwide is estimated at around ninety million, or some 9 percent of all Muslims. They are the overwhelming majority in Iran and a slight majority in Iraq, Dubai and Bahrain. Elsewhere, such as Lebanon and Saudi Arabia, they have traditionally been a disadvantaged minority.

Sigheh: A temporary marriage recognized by s.h.i.+tes. A temporary marriage recognized by s.h.i.+tes.

Sunnah: The traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. Those things he did himself, or approved of by him, or that were done in his presence without earning his disapproval. The traditions of the Prophet Muhammad. Those things he did himself, or approved of by him, or that were done in his presence without earning his disapproval.

Sunnat: Recommended, desirable, in keeping with Muhammad's traditions. One will not be punished for neglecting to do sunnat acts, but will be rewarded for doing them. Recommended, desirable, in keeping with Muhammad's traditions. One will not be punished for neglecting to do sunnat acts, but will be rewarded for doing them.

Sunni: An orthodox Muslim. Literally, one who follows Muhammad's tradition. An orthodox Muslim. Literally, one who follows Muhammad's tradition.

Talaq: Divorce by repudiation. The husband merely repeats the words Divorce by repudiation. The husband merely repeats the words "I "I divorce you" three times. divorce you" three times.

Thobe: The long robe, usually made of white cotton, worn by the men of the Arabian peninsula. The long robe, usually made of white cotton, worn by the men of the Arabian peninsula.

Ulema: A body of religious scholars who interpret Islamic law for the community. A body of religious scholars who interpret Islamic law for the community.

Umm: Mother. Mother.

Ummah: The worldwide Islamic community. The worldwide Islamic community.

Wahabi: Puritanical, ultraconservative movement founded in the 1740s in what is now Saudi Arabia by a preacher named Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab. Women under Wahabism are denied many rights considered due to them according to more orthodox readings of the Koran and hadith. Backed by Saudi oil wealth, Wahabi teachings are increasingly influential throughout the Islamic world. Puritanical, ultraconservative movement founded in the 1740s in what is now Saudi Arabia by a preacher named Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab. Women under Wahabism are denied many rights considered due to them according to more orthodox readings of the Koran and hadith. Backed by Saudi oil wealth, Wahabi teachings are increasingly influential throughout the Islamic world.

Wajib: A religiously obligatory act. One will be punished in the afterlife for neglecting a wajib act such as daily prayer or annual alms-giving. A religiously obligatory act. One will be punished in the afterlife for neglecting a wajib act such as daily prayer or annual alms-giving.

Zakkat: Compulsory giving of charity to the poor. One of the five pillars of the Islamic faith, all Muslims are required to give a percentage of their wealth each year, usually calculated on net worth rather than annual income. Compulsory giving of charity to the poor. One of the five pillars of the Islamic faith, all Muslims are required to give a percentage of their wealth each year, usually calculated on net worth rather than annual income.

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