Destiny of the Republic Part 22

31 In just four days, he had managed: Bell, In just four days, he had managed: Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 24, 29.

32 "forced exertions": Ibid., 2627. "forced exertions": Ibid., 2627.

33 "In its present form": Bell to D. W. Bliss, July 31, 1881, in Bell, "In its present form": Bell to D. W. Bliss, July 31, 1881, in Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 56.

34 On July 31: Bell, "Volta Lab Notes," July 31, 1881. On July 31: Bell, "Volta Lab Notes," July 31, 1881.

35 "no difficulty": Bell to D. W. Bliss, July 30, 1881, in Bell, "no difficulty": Bell to D. W. Bliss, July 30, 1881, in Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 57. Just the day before, Bell had tested McGill with no success, writing dejectedly in his laboratory notebook that he had been able to "get no indication" of the bullet in McGill.

36 "no need of further secrecy": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 31, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "no need of further secrecy": Bell to Mabel Bell, July 31, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

37 "Come up and see us": "Come up and see us": Boston Herald Boston Herald, quoted in Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 34647.

38 "My new form of Induction Balance": Bell to D. W. Bliss, July 31, 1881, in Bell, "My new form of Induction Balance": Bell to D. W. Bliss, July 31, 1881, in Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 56.

39 "suspected spot": Bell, "suspected spot": Bell, Upon the Electrical Upon the Electrical Experiments Experiments, 32; "The President's Case," Was.h.i.+ngton Post Was.h.i.+ngton Post, August 1, 1881.

40 "the only other person present": Bell, "the only other person present": Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 32.

41 Finally, he asked the first lady: Finally, he asked the first lady: Harper's Weekly Harper's Weekly, August 13, 1881.

42 "a general expectation": Bell, "a general expectation": Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 3233.

43 "if success crowns the effort": Ibid., 3233. "if success crowns the effort": Ibid., 3233.

44 "now unanimously agreed": Prichard and Herring, "The Problem of the President's Bullet," 627. "now unanimously agreed": Prichard and Herring, "The Problem of the President's Bullet," 627.

45 "In the absence": Bell, "In the absence": Bell, Upon the Electrical Experiments Upon the Electrical Experiments, 33.

46 "perfectly sure": Ibid. "perfectly sure": Ibid.

47 Still, Bell was not convinced: Ibid. Still, Bell was not convinced: Ibid.

48 He had just begun: Ibid., 34. He had just begun: Ibid., 34.

49 Determined to find a way to keep working: Tainter, "The Talking Machine," 37. Determined to find a way to keep working: Tainter, "The Talking Machine," 37.

Chapter 20: Terror, Hope, and Despair

1 "This fighting with disease": Garfield to Lucretia Garfield, February 23, 1862, quoted in Shaw "This fighting with disease": Garfield to Lucretia Garfield, February 23, 1862, quoted in Shaw, Crete and James, 126.

2 "They will not be allowed to get large": "The Doctors' Reasons for Hope," "They will not be allowed to get large": "The Doctors' Reasons for Hope," New York Times New York Times, Aug. 30, 1881.

3 "facilitate the escape of pus": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 301. "facilitate the escape of pus": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 301.

4 Using a long surgical knife with an ivory handle: Garfield exhibit at National Museum of Health and Medicine. Using a long surgical knife with an ivory handle: Garfield exhibit at National Museum of Health and Medicine.

5 "a profuse discharge": Reyburn, "a profuse discharge": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 53.

6 "without an anaesthetic": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 301. "without an anaesthetic": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 301.

7 Neither the incisions: Reyburn, Neither the incisions: Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 6771; Rutkow, James A. Garfield James A. Garfield, 11920.

8 "It is thought that some pus": "Steps Toward Recovery," "It is thought that some pus": "Steps Toward Recovery," New York Times New York Times, August 13, 1881; D. W. Bliss to [??], August 13, 1881.

9 "Not the minutest symptom": "The Surgeons' Confidence," "Not the minutest symptom": "The Surgeons' Confidence," New York Times New York Times, August 20, 1881.

10 What did cause Bliss apprehension: The infection contributed to Garfield's starvation by itself consuming calories. What did cause Bliss apprehension: The infection contributed to Garfield's starvation by itself consuming calories.

11 In less than two months: Herr, "Ignorance Is Bliss," 459. In less than two months: Herr, "Ignorance Is Bliss," 459.

12 The barrel-chested: Ibid.; The barrel-chested: Ibid.; The Death of President James A. Garfield The Death of President James A. Garfield, National Museum of Health and Medicine.

13 "the limit of what a man can lose": "The Doctors' Reasons for Hope," "the limit of what a man can lose": "The Doctors' Reasons for Hope," New York Times New York Times, August 30, 1881.

14 "at the best meal": "at the best meal": New York Herald New York Herald, August 16, 1881, quoted in Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 100.

15 Most days, Garfield was able: Clark, Most days, Garfield was able: Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 89.

16 Although Garfield found it difficult: Ibid.; Comer, Although Garfield found it difficult: Ibid.; Comer, Harry Garfield's First Forty Years Harry Garfield's First Forty Years, 60.

17 The White House cook: Seale, The White House cook: Seale, The President's House The President's House, 525.

18 Realizing that he urgently needed: "Dr. Bliss Rea.s.sured," Realizing that he urgently needed: "Dr. Bliss Rea.s.sured," New York Times New York Times, August 17, 1881.

19 For a stretch of eight days: Prichard and Herring, "The Problem of the President's Bullet," 628. For a stretch of eight days: Prichard and Herring, "The Problem of the President's Bullet," 628.

20 Then Bliss began altering the mixture: Ibid.; Clark, Then Bliss began altering the mixture: Ibid.; Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 101.

21 The danger was that: Author interview with David Lounsbury, MD; Eltorai, "Fatal Spinal Cord Injury of the 20th President of the United States," 336. The danger was that: Author interview with David Lounsbury, MD; Eltorai, "Fatal Spinal Cord Injury of the 20th President of the United States," 336.

22 At first, Garfield seemed: Clark, At first, Garfield seemed: Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 101.

23 As well as being malnourished: Author interview with David Lounsbury, MD; Reyburn, As well as being malnourished: Author interview with David Lounsbury, MD; Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield.

24 While newspapers continued: "The Fight for Life," While newspapers continued: "The Fight for Life," Evening Star Evening Star, August 23, 1881.

25 "This dreadful sickness": Harriet S. Blaine and Beale "This dreadful sickness": Harriet S. Blaine and Beale, Letters of Mrs. James G. Blaine, 23334.

26 It seemed that everyone: Clark, It seemed that everyone: Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 93.

27 "darkness," she told her family: Harriet S. Blaine and Beale, "darkness," she told her family: Harriet S. Blaine and Beale, Letters of Mrs. JamesG. Blaine Letters of Mrs. JamesG. Blaine, 225.

28 "Your father [is] much exercised": Ibid., 23637. "Your father [is] much exercised": Ibid., 23637.

29 The Const.i.tution was of no help: The government did not tackle the issue of presidential disability until 1967, when it finally ratified the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Const.i.tution. The amendment had been spurred by the a.s.sa.s.sination of President John F. Kennedy four years earlier. The Const.i.tution was of no help: The government did not tackle the issue of presidential disability until 1967, when it finally ratified the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Const.i.tution. The amendment had been spurred by the a.s.sa.s.sination of President John F. Kennedy four years earlier.

30 Finally, Blaine sent a cabinet member: Ackerman, Finally, Blaine sent a cabinet member: Ackerman, Dark Horse Dark Horse, 421.

31 "Disappoint our fears": Julia Sand to Chester Arthur, August 27, 1881, Chester Arthur Papers. "Disappoint our fears": Julia Sand to Chester Arthur, August 27, 1881, Chester Arthur Papers.

32 "Dear Mother": Garfield to his mother, August 11, 1881. "Dear Mother": Garfield to his mother, August 11, 1881.

33 "I wonder": Theodore Clarke Smith, "I wonder": Theodore Clarke Smith, The Life and Letters of James A. Garfield The Life and Letters of James A. Garfield, 2:1193.

34 He dreamed of returning: "Longing to Be at Lawnfield," He dreamed of returning: "Longing to Be at Lawnfield," New York Times New York Times, August 21, 1881.

35 "I have always felt": Garfield, "I have always felt": Garfield, Diary Diary, June 19, 1881, 4:613.

36 "It would not now be prudent": Medical Bulletin, August 25, 1881. "It would not now be prudent": Medical Bulletin, August 25, 1881.

37 "It's all right now": Reyburn, "It's all right now": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 68.

38 Lucretia had been so sick: Seale, Lucretia had been so sick: Seale, The President's House The President's House, p. 526.

39 "banished despair": "banished despair": Evening Star Evening Star, August 1881.

40 "one prolonged, hideous nightmare": Stanley-Brown, "My Friend Garfield," 101. "one prolonged, hideous nightmare": Stanley-Brown, "My Friend Garfield," 101.

41 "despair," a reporter noted: "despair," a reporter noted: Evening Star Evening Star, August 1881.

42 Brown rarely left the White House: Brown rarely left the White House: Sunday Herald Sunday Herald, July 5, 1881; Evening Critic Evening Critic, July 19, 1881.

43 "During all this terror, hope, despair": "During all this terror, hope, despair": Evening Critic Evening Critic, July 15, 1881.

44 "until control of her voice": Stanley-Brown, "My Friend Garfield," 101. "until control of her voice": Stanley-Brown, "My Friend Garfield," 101.

45 "anguished face": Ibid. "anguished face": Ibid.

Chapter 21: After All

1 Although he had returned: Bruce, Although he had returned: Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 347.

2 "strong and healthy little fellow": Gray, "strong and healthy little fellow": Gray, Reluctant Genius Reluctant Genius, p. 222.

3 "Little boy born prematurely": Bell to his father, August 15, 1881, Bell Family Papers. "Little boy born prematurely": Bell to his father, August 15, 1881, Bell Family Papers.

4 "Nothing will ever comfort me": Bell to Mabel Bell, December 12, 1885, Bell Family Papers. "Nothing will ever comfort me": Bell to Mabel Bell, December 12, 1885, Bell Family Papers.

5 After his son's funeral: Tainter, "Home Notes," 37. After his son's funeral: Tainter, "Home Notes," 37.

6 Just three days after Edward's death: Tainter, "Home Notes," 37. Bell's attachment Just three days after Edward's death: Tainter, "Home Notes," 37. Bell's attachment for the induction balance was, in Tainter's words, "an electrical attachment to be made to the ordinary exploring needle so that when the point of the needle touched the bullet it would be indicated upon a telephone placed in the circuit." for the induction balance was, in Tainter's words, "an electrical attachment to be made to the ordinary exploring needle so that when the point of the needle touched the bullet it would be indicated upon a telephone placed in the circuit."

7 Bliss refused to let Tainter: Bruce, Bliss refused to let Tainter: Bruce, Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, 347.

8 "Heartless science": Bell, "Science and Immortality," "Heartless science": Bell, "Science and Immortality," The Christian Register Symposium The Christian Register Symposium, 96.

9 "stopped the proceedings immediately": McCabe, "stopped the proceedings immediately": McCabe, Our Martyred President Our Martyred President, 592.

10 In the city, it was 90 degrees: Reyburn, In the city, it was 90 degrees: Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 57.

11 "Well," he said, "is this the last day": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 302. "Well," he said, "is this the last day": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 302.

12 "No, no," he said: Reyburn, "No, no," he said: Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 80.

13 At two o'clock the next morning: Ibid. At two o'clock the next morning: Ibid.

14 "in the hope": Crook, "in the hope": Crook, Through Five Administrations Through Five Administrations, 274.

15 The train, which pulled four cars: Reyburn, The train, which pulled four cars: Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 80.

16 The president's car, number 33: Ibid.; Clark, The president's car, number 33: Ibid.; Clark, The Murder of James A. Garfield The Murder of James A. Garfield, 105.

17 "determine," Bliss explained: Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 302. "determine," Bliss explained: Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 302.

18 It was, she would later write, "the saddest": Edson, "The Sickness and Nursing of President Garfield," 620. It was, she would later write, "the saddest": Edson, "The Sickness and Nursing of President Garfield," 620.

19 "by no strange hands": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 302. "by no strange hands": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 302.

20 "A last token of amity": Crook, "A last token of amity": Crook, Through Five Administrations Through Five Administrations, 274.

21 The train ride to Elberon: Reyburn, The train ride to Elberon: Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 81.

22 "No sound of bell or whistle": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 303. "No sound of bell or whistle": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 303.

23 "At every station": Ibid. "At every station": Ibid.

24 "It was indeed": Reyburn, "It was indeed": Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 82.

25 When the train finally reached Elberon: When the train finally reached Elberon: United States v. Guiteau United States v. Guiteau, 124.

26 "I am willing that you should ruin": Brown, "I am willing that you should ruin": Brown, The Life and Public Services of JamesA. Garfield The Life and Public Services of JamesA. Garfield, 241.

27 Before the train could reach: Ackerman, Before the train could reach: Ackerman, Dark Horse Dark Horse, 425.

28 "Instantly hundreds of strong arms": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 303. "Instantly hundreds of strong arms": Bliss, "The Story of President Garfield's Illness," 303.

29 When he was carried into his room: Reyburn, When he was carried into his room: Reyburn, Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield Clinical History of the Case of President James Abram Garfield, 84.

30 "This is delightful": Ibid., 89. "This is delightful": Ibid., 89.