Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne Part 1

Remarks on a Pamphlet Lately published by the Rev. Mr. Maskelyne, Under the Authority of the Board of Longitude.

by John Harrison.

REMARKS, ON A PAMPHLET, &c.

A Publication having lately been made by the Rev. Mr. _Maskelyne_ Astronomer Royal, under the Authority of the Board of Longitude, manifestly tending, by the Suppression of some Facts and the Misrepresentation of others, to impress the World with an unjust Opinion of my Invention, and falsely a.s.serting that my Watch did not at certain Periods therein mentioned keep Time with sufficient Exactness to determine the Longitude within the Limits prescribed by the Act of the 12th of Queen _Anne_; I think it inc.u.mbent upon me to submit some Observations thereon to the impartial Publick; and the rather, because the said Pamphlet is rendered so confused by unnecessary Repet.i.tions, and voluminous Tables, that a Man must be pretty conversant in these Matters, to trace and combine the Facts, so as to check the Conclusions, which would consequently be taken upon Trust by the generality of Readers, unless publickly contradicted. As it will be my Endeavour so far to avoid the Use of all Terms of Art as to make the Subject generally intelligible, I flatter myself I shall not be thought impertinent for giving a short Explanation (though quite unnecessary to the far greater Part of my Readers) of what the Longitude is, and what the Service required of the Watch.

The Longitude of any Place is its Distance East or West from any other given Place; and what we want is a Method of finding out at Sea, how far we are got to the Eastward or Westward of the place we sailed from. The Application of a Time-Keeper to this Discovery is founded upon the following Principles: The Earth's Surface is divided into 360 equal Parts (by imaginary Lines drawn from North to South) which are called Degrees of Longitude; and it's daily Revolution Eastward round it's own Axis is performed in 24 Hours; consequently in that Period, each of those imaginary Lines or Degrees, becomes successively opposite to the Sun (which makes the Noon or precise Middle of the Day at each of those Degrees); and it must follow, that from the Time any one of those Lines pa.s.ses the Sun, till the next pa.s.ses, must be just four Minutes, for 24 Hours being divided by 360 will give that Quant.i.ty; so that for every Degree of Longitude we sail Westward, it will be Noon with us four Minutes the later, and for every Degree Eastward four Minutes the sooner, and so in Proportion for any greater or less Quant.i.ty. Now, the exact Time of the Day at the Place where we are, can be ascertained by well known and easy Observations of the Sun if visible for a few Minutes at any Time from his being ten Degrees high 'till within an Hour of Noon, or from an Hour after Noon 'till he is only 10 Degrees high in the Afternoon; if therefore, at any Time when such Observation is made, a Time-Keeper tells us at the same Moment what o'Clock it is at the Place we sailed from, our Longitude is clearly discovered. To do this, it is not necessary that a Watch should perform it's Revolutions precisely in that s.p.a.ce of time which the Earth takes to perform her's; it is only required that it should invariably perform it in _some known Time_, and then the constant Difference between the Length of the one Revolution and the other, will appear as so much daily gained or lost by the Watch, which constant Gain or Loss, is called _the Rate of its going_, and which being added to or deducted from the Time shewn by the Watch, will give the true Time, and consequently the Difference of Longitude.

I shall now proceed to make such Remarks as occur to me on Perusal of Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Pamphlet.

Mr. _Maskelyne_ begins by telling us that the Board of Longitude, at their Meeting, _April_ 26, 1766, came to a Resolution that my Watch should be tried at the Royal Observatory under his Inspection, and that he accordingly received it on the 5th of _May_, 1766. He then says, "I most Days wound up and compared the Watch with the transit Clock of the Royal Observatory myself; at other times it was performed by my a.s.sistant _Joseph Dymond_, and afterwards _William Baily_; this was always done in the Presence of, and attested by one of the Officers of _Greenwich_ Hospital, when he came to a.s.sist in unlocking the Box in which the Watch is kept, in order to its being wound up."

Not one of those Attestations appears in the Book: Perhaps Mr.

_Maskelyne_ thinks his a.s.sertion of the Fact will be sufficient for the Publick, and indeed so it might have been to me, had I not received different Information: But the Truth is, the Commissioners appointed a Set of Gentlemen to attend by Rotation the winding up of the Watch; they were to unlock the Box the Watch was in, to see it wound up and compared with the Clock, then to lock the Box again and take the Key with them, and Mr. _Maskelyne_ was to have another Key, there being two Locks to the Box:[1] The Officers of _Greenwich_ Hospital were appointed for this Service, some of whom from the Infirmities of Age, and Misfortunes in the Service, were scarce able to get up the Hill to the Observatory, so that when they came there, as can be proved from undoubted Eye Witnesses, they only unlocked the Box, sate down 'till Mr. _Maskelyne_ had done what he thought proper, and then locked the Box again, and departed: and whatever Attestation they may be supposed to have made, I can prove that at several Times when Gentlemen of my Acquaintance happened to be present, the Attendance of the Officers was by no Means an effectual Check upon the Comparison of the Watch with the Clock. I would not be thought to accuse those Gentlemen of Neglect of the Duty imposed upon them; on the contrary I applaud their Diligence in being ready at all Hours of the Day to attend when Mr. _Maskelyne_ was pleased to appoint; and therefore I will even for the present (though contrary to Fact) suppose they have been the Check proposed by the Commissioners of Longitude against any unfair Access _to the Watch_, still _the Clock_ with which it was compared _was left entirely in_ Mr. Maskelyne_'s Power_, and an Alteration of the one could not but produce just the same Effect as an Error of the other, nor is there even the least _Pretence of a Check_ either on the Clock, or on its Comparison with Observations of the Sun; nay on the contrary, Mr. _Maskelyne_ did at this Time take the Key of the Clock from Mr. _Dymond_ in whose Custody it used to be, and kept it himself.

Mr. _Maskelyne_ then proceeds to give us an Account of the Watch's going from Day to Day, which in his 15th Page he concludes thus: "From the foregoing Numbers it appears, that the Watch was getting from the very first near 20 seconds per day; a circ.u.mstance which is not my business to account for; but which, as it kept near mean Time in the Voyage to Barbadoes, seems to shew that the Watch cannot be taken to pieces and put together again without altering its Rate of going considerably, contrary to Mr. _Harrison_'s a.s.sertions formerly."

When I made the Discovery, upon Oath, of the Principles and Construction of the Watch, to six Gentlemen appointed by the Board of Longitude and to Mr. _Maskelyne_, (who insisted on having a Right to attend, as being a Commissioner) which Discovery was finished on the 22d Day of _August_, 1765, as appears by the annex'd Certificate,[2] the Watch then remained in my Hands, all taken to pieces: I little imagined the Board of Longitude would take it from me, as not conceiving any Use they could make of it; and having besides received a.s.surances from them, that they only wanted the formal Delivery of it, in compliance with the Terms of the new Law, without meaning to deprive me of the Use of it: I therefore went on making some experiments, and alter'd the Rate of its going, thereby to determine a Fact I wanted to be satisfied about. The Watch was under this Experiment the latter End of _October_, 1765, when upon receiving the Certificate for the Remainder of the first Moiety of my Reward, I was ordered to deliver it to the Board. My Son, attending with it, being asked if it was then as fit as before to ascertain the Longitude, reply'd in the Affirmative; for as I have before shewn, the _Rate of its going_, when once ascertained, does not prevent its keeping the Longitude. He was not asked the present Rate of its going, nor could he have answer'd with precision if he had, because we had not had Notice sufficient to determine that Point; but we did, at that Time, tell several of our Friends that it went about 18 or 19 Seconds a Day, _fast_, and we have at several Times since (without ever dreaming that this was to become a Point of public Discussion) had Occasion to mention the same Thing to several Members of Parliament, Commissioners of Longitude and other Gentlemen, insomuch that we did not believe any body was uninformed of it, who at all attended to the Business of the Longitude.

This may serve to account for the Circ.u.mstance which Mr. _Maskelyne_ declares, _it was none of his Business to account for_, why the Watch was getting near 20 Seconds per Day; but as to _his Inference_, I must say it betrays the most absolute Ignorance of Mechanics, and of this Machine in particular, in which it is obvious (and for this Fact I appeal to the Watchmakers who saw it taken to Pieces) that its going at the same Rate when put together again, as before, depends (if none of the Parts are alter'd) upon nothing more complicated _than putting a single Screw into the same Place from whence it was taken_. Indeed this Pa.s.sage, and the ignorant and puerile Remarks which Mr. _Maskelyne_ has been suffer'd to prefix to my written Description of the Watch (to the Disgrace of this Country in those foreign Translations it has already undergone) bring strongly to my Remembrance an Observation made by some of the Gentlemen present at the Discovery, "that they wonder'd at his Patience in attending so long to a Subject he seem'd so totally unacquainted with."

Mr. _Maskelyne_ then proceeds to tell us of a Change that happen'd in the going of the Watch, and says, "this Change began in the Beginning of _August_, on the few and only hot Days we had last Summer, which yet were not extreme, the Thermometer within Doors having never risen above 73. The Rest of the Summer in general was remarkably cool and temperate." When I took this Watch to Pieces I informed Mr. _Maskelyne_ and the other Gentlemen, that in trying any Experiments with it, in Respect to Heat and Cold, it would be proper that it should be so fixed that, as far as could be, the Heat should have an equal Influence on all Sides of it; and it is obvious that the Thermometer ought to have been kept in the same Box with it; but as this was not done, I apprehend the Effects of Heat mention'd above do not merit much Attention; and therefore shall only observe that the Watch was placed in a Box with a Gla.s.s in the Lid and another in one Side, in the Seat of a Window level with the lowest Pane of the Window, and exposed to the South East, whilst the Thermometer, which was to ascertain the Degree of Heat the Watch was exposed to, was placed in a shady Part of the Room: Now 'tis obvious that while the Air surrounding the Thermometer might be very temperate, there might, if the Sun shone upon it, be a heat in the Box, superior to what was ever felt in the open Air in any Part of the World; and perhaps greater than any human being could subsist in, and consequently improper, or at least unnecessary for this experiment.

Mr. _Maskelyne_ next tells us of an irregularity which he says happened in cold Weather, and says, "However, it seems in general that the Frost must have been the cause of these irregularities, as well as of the Watch's going so much slower in the Month of _January_, than it had gone before." Mr. _Maskelyne_ ought along with this, to have published what I told him when I explained it; that the Provision against the effects of Heat and Cold was not _in this Machine_ extended to all Degrees; that I never had tryed it so low as the freezing Point, which according to the best Informations I have been able to procure is a Degree of Cold _that never did exist between the Decks of a s.h.i.+p at Sea_, in any Climate yet explored by Mankind.

Mr. _Maskelyne_ then comes to the Rate of its going in different Positions; and says, "It is obvious, these last-mentioned Trials of the Watch in a vertical Position could not be designed to shew how near it would go at Sea, where it can never obtain these Positions: the Intent of them is to prove how near Mr. _Harrison_'s Execution of his Watch comes up to his Principles, with respect to the making all the Arcs described by the balance, whether large or small, to be performed in the same Time, as Mr. _Harrison_ a.s.serts them to be." Mr. _Maskelyne_ here also might have had Candour enough to inform the Public, as I did him, that although the Watch was quite sufficient to answer the Purposes required of it in Navigation, and to fulfil what was prescribed by the Act of Queen _Anne_, yet it was far from being in a state of Perfection, _as an universal exact Time-Keeper for every Purpose_: I shew'd him and the rest of the Gentlemen the Reasons why the Machine then before them, would not go at the same Rate in such different Positions _into which the Motion of a s.h.i.+p could never put it_; and whilst I explained to them those Imperfections in the particular Machine we were examining, I also in the clearest Manner I was able, pointed out the means of remedying them with certainty in others, which the Gentlemen skill'd in Mechanics seem'd perfectly to comprehend, and to be satisfied of the Truth which I again a.s.sert, that Watches made on my Principles will endure a much greater Motion and change of Position than they can ever be subject to in a s.h.i.+p; and that they will not be affected by any Degree of Heat or Cold, in which a Man can live.

If any Thing was meant to be concluded with respect to me by this Experiment, either in Point of Property or of Reputation, common Justice would have required that I should have had an Opportunity of seeing the Facts ascertained; and when such a Trial was directed as put the Result in the absolute Power of a single Person, that I should have been satisfied of his Integrity, Disinterestedness and Ability for the purpose. I would not be understood to attack Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Knowledge of the Theory of Astronomy; as for any Thing I know to the contrary, it may be of the very first Rate, especially as the Commissioners have thought proper to entrust him with the Execution of their commands; and which he has ever been as ready to undertake: But alas! as to his skill in Mechanics, he knows little or nothing of the matter he has ventur'd to take in Hand.

I think it more consistent with the respect I owe to the Public, and myself, to speak out plainly, than to have recourse to _Insinuations_, on a Subject of this nature: I therefore declare, that I am not satisfied with the Truth of his reporting other Observations relative to the Longitude, as I do maintain that in both his Voyages the Observations which he said he made the Land by, were not calculated till after he had seen the Land; and I am certain those he has given, in the Publication now before us, are not genuine, for he pretends to find each Observation of the Transit of the Sun to the hundredth part of a Second of Time,-a Degree of exactness about twenty Times beyond what any other Observer has. .h.i.therto found practicable: Moreover I know him to be deeply interested in the Lunar Tables, a Scheme set up some Years ago for the Reward in Compet.i.tion with my Invention, and for which large Sums of Money have already been paid by the Public.

Although I flatter myself the Reader is already in Possession of very sufficient Reasons for rejecting the whole Pamphlet as partial and inconclusive, yet I entreat his patient Attention whilst I advance one step farther, and shew, that although Mr. _Maskelyne_ has presented us with a set of Observations which _according to his mode of Calculation_, prove what he advances, yet those very Observations when rightly reasoned upon _prove the contrary_; and that in each of the Periods he refers to, except those of the severe Frost and improper Positions (against which Mr. _Maskelyne_ ought to have informed the World I never warranted this particular Watch) it kept Time with sufficient correctness to determine the Longitude within the limits of the Act of Queen _Anne_.

The Reader by this Time knows enough of the Subject to see, that in order to try whether the Watch would or would not keep Time with sufficient Exactness to determine the Longitude, Mr. _Maskelyne_'s first Operation, after receiving it, should have been to ascertain _the Rate of its going_. But no such Thing happened: he knew it had not gone exactly correspondent to mean Time, during the Voyage to _Barbadoes_; it had been publickly enough declared that its Rate of going had been since altered; and, if he had not received that Information, he might nay must have discovered it in the first 24 Hours Tryal; however, without once attending to this _essential Circ.u.mstance_, he goes to work, comparing the first Period of six Weeks (which he observes is generally reckoned the Term of a West-India Voyage) when it was in an horizontal Position, with _mean Time_, instead of _the corrected Time_, and each succeeding Period with that immediately preceeding it! Who can hesitate in p.r.o.nouncing that his Conclusions must be all erroneous? He should first have ascertained the Rate of its going by a Length of Observations of the Sun or Stars, or by a perfect Pendulum Clock if he had such a one, and then have corrected the Time shewn by the Watch accordingly.

However, supposing for a Moment his _Facts_ to be genuine, I will deduce the _real Result_ in the best Manner the Observations will admit, rejecting those made while the Watch was in improper Positions, and those during the Frost, for the same Reasons that Mr. _Maskelyne_ lays no Stress upon them, and for those I have already stated. I shall therefore (pursuing his Idea of six Weeks) take it during the first tranquil six Weeks that it had, viz. from _July_ the 6th, to _August_ the 17th, in which Time it gained in all 11 Minutes, 50 Seconds, or 16-9/10 Seconds per Day which I will a.s.sume as the Rate of its going, or if Mr. _Maskelyne_ pleases I will take the Average of his whole Time of Examination, from the 6th of _July_ to the 3d of _January_ and from the 9th of _January_ to the 4th of _March_, which will come out at the Rate of 16-8/10 Seconds per Day fast, and I say that according to either of those Rates of going, the Watch kept the Longitude within the Limits of the Act of Queen _Anne_, during any Period of six Weeks that can be pointed out, excepting those of extreme Cold, and improper Position which have already been explained. I do not trouble the Reader with the Calculations: If I a.s.sert an Untruth, I shall hardly escape Contradiction.

There is another Inaccuracy, which tho' of less Consequence, ought not to escape notice. One would naturally suppose when Mr. _Maskelyne_ found the Watch went at this Rate of gaining on Mean Time, he would have been very exact in his Time of comparing it with his Clock; but on the contrary we find he was so irregular as to vary his Comparisons on succeeding Days from half an Hour to four Hours and 48 Minutes, and this not for a Time or two, but for one third of the whole Time he had it.

Mr. _Maskelyne_ having shewn from the Result of his Calculation (which I have here proved to be false) that the Watch is not to be depended upon to determine the Longitude in a Voyage of six Weeks, then says, "these Considerations are sufficient to explain the Motives which might have actuated Mr. _Harrison_, as a Man of Prudence, in desiring to send his Watch two Voyages to the West Indies, upon his Idea that he should be int.i.tled to the large Rewards prescribed in the Act of the 12th of Queen _Anne_, in Case his Watch kept Time within the Limits there mentioned, whether the Method itself was or could be rendered generally useful and practicable, or not;" this Insinuation _(published under the Authority of the Commissioners of Longitude)_ that I had contrived a Trial which I knew the Watch would fulfil, whilst I was conscious that it would not answer the general Purposes of the Act of Queen _Anne_, and consequently that I had formed a villainous Scheme to rob the Publick of the Reward without really and effectually performing the Conditions, strikes me as a Charge of so atrocious a Nature, that I think myself not only _justified_ in publis.h.i.+ng to the World what has been done with respect to Trials of the Merit of my Invention, but even _indispensably obliged_ so to do. I well know what I hazard thereby, and if the rest of my Reward cannot be obtained on Principles of _National Faith_ and _Publick Spirit_, I am contented to forego it, but I will not descend into the Grave loaded with that Dishonour which my Enemies, availing themselves of their Rank or Offices, have, in various Ways, attempted to throw upon me.

In the first Place I must remark, that the Trial referred to was not fixed _by me_, but by _an Act of Parliament_ pa.s.sed so long ago as the Year 1714, which (after vesting certain discretionary Powers in Commissioners to judge what Methods are likely to prove practicable, and authorizing them to issue smaller Sums of Money) goes on to fix the last grand Test of the Merit of any such Invention, and enacts "that when a s.h.i.+p, under the Appointment of the said Commissioners, shall thereby actually sail from _Great Britain_ to the _West Indies_ without losing her Longitude beyond certain Limits, the Inventor shall be int.i.tled to certain Rewards." Having from the Year 1726, employed myself in adapting those Principles which I had _at that Time_ executed in a Pendulum Clock, to an Instrument or Time-Keeper so constructed as to endure the Motion of a s.h.i.+p at Sea, and having made a Voyage to _Lisbon_ and done sundry other Things during a Course of Years, mostly under the Direction of the Commissioners of Longitude, by way of preparatory Experiments, I thought the Invention sufficiently perfect about the latter End of the Year 1760, to go upon the ultimate Trial, which I accordingly applied for. My Son, after being sent to _Portsmouth_ with the third Time-keeper (the fourth or Watch being to be sent to him) was kept there five Months, waiting for Orders; which having by returning to _London_ at Length obtained, he went to _Jamaica_ in the _Deptford_ Man of War, and returned in the _Merlin_ Sloop of War, having fulfilled every Instruction of the Commissioners. It remained to compute from the Astronomical Observations made at _Portsmouth_ and _Jamaica_, whether the Watch had or had not kept the Longitude within the prescribed Limits; and as my t.i.tle to 20,000_l._ was to be determined thereby, I thought it but reasonable that I should name some Person to check the Computations, _which was refused_. The Commissioners appointed three Gentlemen for that Purpose, and on receiving their Report were pleased to declare _that the Watch had not kept its Longitude within the above mentioned Limits_.[3] Thoroughly convinced of the contrary (for I had the same Materials they had to calculate from) I required a Copy of the Computations _which was also refused me_; nor could I ever obtain a Sight of them either officially or through private Favour, 'till three Years afterwards, when they were ordered to be laid before the House of Commons; and it then appeared that two of the three Computations were absolutely inconclusive, proving nothing, and the third decided in my Favour. Further Proof of the Watch having succeeded in this Voyage may be found in the Journals of the House of Commons, Vol. XXIX. P. 546, in the Evidence of _George Lewis Scott_ Esq; and Mr. _James Short_.

The Reader will easily believe I did not feel perfectly easy under this Treatment of an Invention to the perfecting of which (encouraged by the long continued Patronage of a _Graham_, a _Halley_, a _Folkes_, &c.

&c.--learned Friends to Society, and Publick Good, whose Minds were too enlarged, and Spirits too liberal to admit that _little_ Jealousy of inferior Artists, which since their Death I have been exposed to) I gloried in sacrificing every Prospect of Advantage from other Pursuits, and had willingly submitted to lead a Life of Labour and Dependence.

However 'twas too late to retreat; and I had only one Means of Success left which was to follow the Commissioners in their own Way. Accordingly after many Difficulties (with a Relation of which I will not tire the Reader, as it is by no Means my Intention to meddle with any Subjects of Complaint, except such as are material to the forming a right Judgment of the Trials made and proposed) a second Voyage to the _West Indies_ was agreed to in the latter End of the Year 1762, which Agreement was afterwards well nigh overset by the Commissioners insisting on such Astronomical Observations being previously made, as were next to impracticable in this Climate, and could be put into the Instructions for no other Reason that I could conceive, but to throw insuperable Difficulties in my Way, as they were not at all material to the Determination of the Matter in Question. However the Commissioners at Length gave up this Point on my Opinion of the Impracticability being confirmed by that of an Officer of the Navy distinguished for his Abilities and Skill in Matters of Astronomy. To take away all Possibility (as I thought) of this Voyage being rendered fruitless like the last, I then desired to have inserted at the End of the Instructions some few Words to this Purpose, "that provided the Experiment answered, the Commissioners present were of Opinion I should _without further Trouble_ receive my Reward;" but my Son attending the Board with this Proposition was told by Lord _Sandwich_ at that Time President, that it would be mere Tautology, for that their giving Instructions implyed the same Thing, and that if the Watch kept its Time within the Limits of the Act there could be no Doubt of my being ent.i.tled to and receiving the Reward, and n.o.body could take if from me. Upon the Faith of this, my Son went the Voyage to _Barbadoes_, in which the Watch kept its Time "considerably within the nearest Limits of the Act of Queen _Anne_," as certified, even by the Commissioners themselves.

On the Success of this Trial being known, and after having employed near forty Years of my Life on the Faith of an Act of Parliament, was a Doctrine broached to me (as I solemnly declare _for the first Time_) that the Commissioners were invested with a discretionary Power of ordering other Trials and the fulfilling of other Conditions than those specially annexed by Act of Parliament to the Reward;[4] An Exposition of the Law, which I ever did and ever shall (until it is supported by legal Authority) totally reject and refuse Obedience to; for I do maintain, that before pa.s.sing the last Act of Parliament I had as full and perfect a _Right_ to the Reward of 20,000_l._ as any Free-holder in _Britain_ has to his Estate; and I never would have desired nor ever will desire any better Satisfaction than a judicial Determination of that Point; which however it was very soon thought proper to preclude me from, by a new Law, pa.s.sed at the Instance of the Commissioners of Longitude, placing me _too certainly_ under the Discretion of the Commissioners and totally changing the Terms on which the Reward was to be given me, enacting that I should have half of it when I had disclosed the Principles and Construction of the Machine, and a.s.signed over for the Use of the Publick the last made Timekeeper, together with the three others which were not so perfect as the last; and the other half when I should have made more Watches, _without determining how many_, and proved them to the Satisfaction of the Commissioners, _without defining the Mode of Trial_.

I frankly confess that from thenceforward I considered the second Moiety of the Reward as lost for ever. The first Moiety I obtained, tho' it was with great Difficulty, as the Act required me to explain my Invention upon Oath, and the Commissioners were pleased to put into that Oath, Words of an indeterminate and unlimited Meaning, and refused to explain them, or even permit me or my Son to ask what was meant by them. We at length agreed to take it (finding we should never get any Thing if we did not, such was now the Power of the Commissioners) and they declared that themselves and the Gentlemen appointed by them to whom we were to explain it, would be _upon Honour_ not to disclose it, that I might have an Opportunity of obtaining the Reward promised by foreign Powers; however, in less than a Month an Account of it appeared in the public News-Papers, signed by the Rev. Mr. _Ludlam_, one of the six Gentlemen named by the Commissioners to receive the Discovery, and therefore, I make no doubt, by Leave of the Board. Nor did they stop here, for they have since published all my Drawings without giving me the last Moiety of the Reward, or even paying me and my Son for our Time at the Rate of common Mechanicks; a Discouragement to the Improvement of Arts and Sciences, and an Instance of such Cruelty and Injustice as I believe never existed in a learned and civilized Nation before.

I have already had Occasion to mention, that at the Time I receiv'd the Certificate for the first Moiety of the Reward, the Watch was delivered up; it remained six Months locked up at the Admiralty, and was then removed to Greenwich, to be the Subject of those Experiments concerning which I now trouble the Public. The other three Machines, were (by Order of the Commissioners) soon after demanded of me by Mr. _Maskelyne_. One of them which had been going more than thirty Years, was broke to Pieces _under his careful and ingenious management_, before it got out of my House; and the other two were so far abused in the Carriage by Land to _Greenwich_, as to be rendered quite incorrect, and as far as I can learn, incapable of being repaired without having some essential Parts made anew: Thus perished the first Essays of this long-wished for Invention!

Unwilling however that the Public should lose the Benefit of the Discovery, or the Chance of further Improvement, I applied, by repeated Letters, to the Board, praying that the Watch might be lent to me (offering Security for it if required) for the Sake of employing other Workmen to make the different Parts by Model, with quicker Dispatch, and in Order to determine by Experiments, whether some expensive Parts of the Machinery might not be abridged or totally left out. Still have my Requests been refused, and of late they have alledged that they cannot keep their Engagements with Mr. _Kendall_ if they were to lend me the Watch. What those Engagements are may be seen below.[5] The new Act, as I have already observ'd, did not determine _how many_ more Watches were to be made before I should receive the other Moiety of the Reward: it was seven Months before I could get them to fix _how many_, and then they would neither agree to any Mode of Trial proposed by me, nor propose any themselves till _eleven Months_ after that, _viz._ not till the 11th Day of _April_ last, when (an Enquiry having been set on Foot in the House of Commons) they were pleased to propose, that instead of the Length of a _West-India_ Voyage, which is about _six Weeks_, the Watches should be placed with their very good Friend and Well-wisher Mr.

_Maskelyne_ for _ten months_, and then be sent for two months on board a s.h.i.+p in the _Downs_; and all this I am required to submit to, without the least Shadow of a.s.surance on their Part, that they will be satisfied with this Trial, let it answer ever so well, or that I shall thereby be brought at all the nearer receiving what is due to me, altho'

(independent of making the Watches) it must necessarily employ one whole Year of mine or my Son's Time, in superintending an Examination, which, after all, can only prove that I, who have made one Machine, can make another like it; and the Point of general Practicability, about which so much stir is _affected_ to be made, would not be one Jot advanced beyond what it is at present.

I cannot help begging the Reader will here allow me to add a Remark or two upon the general Practicability of my Invention, as that is now said to be the only Thing that was in Dispute between the Commissioners and me, and that they only wanted to be satisfied as to this Point. In order to clear it up then, I will submit to the Public to determine whether the general Use and Practicability of my Invention can, in the Nature of Things, be attacked, unless under one of these three following Heads:

1. That a Time-keeper, however perfect, is an insufficient Means of ascertaining the Longitude at Sea.

2. That such Information has not been given as will enable other Workmen to make other Time-keepers of equal goodness with that which is certified to have kept the Longitude.

Or 3. That they will come to so enormous a Price as to be out of the Reach of Purchase.

From the Benefit of the first Objection (even if it was founded in Truth, which I utterly deny) the Commissioners have surely precluded both themselves and the Nation, as with Respect to me, by their repeated Orders and Instructions, and after leading me on for near Half a Century, to employ my whole Time and make long Voyages for _perfecting_ the Invention, they can never be permitted now to come and say _the Invention itself_ is good for nothing. Should any one however continue to propagate such an Opinion, I beg leave, in Contradiction to it, to offer that of Sir _Isaac Newton_, and that of _Martin Folkes_, _Dr.

Halley_, _Dr. Smith_, Mr. _Graham_, and eight other Persons of great Eminence, both publicly given to the House of Commons and to be found in the Journals, _viz._ Sir _Isaac_'s in Vol. 17, Page 677, and the others in Vol. 29, Page 547.

The second Objection is flatly contradicted by Evidence lately before the House of Commons, by which it appears that the Description and original Drawings from which the Watch was made, as given in by me upon Oath, are printed and published; and that Mr. _Mudge_ (the only one of the Watchmakers to whom the Discovery was made, who has been examined by the House of Commons) declar'd he could make these Watches as well as I can. Moreover I am ready, on Condition of receiving the Remainder of what's due to me, upon Oath to give all manner of future Information and Instruction in my Power; and I hope it could never enter into any Man's Idea of general Practicability, that I should actually teach every indifferent Workman in the Nation, and furnish each of them with a Set of Tools for the Trial of his Ability, at my own Expence, before I could be ent.i.tled to the Reward.

With Regard to the third Objection, no Estimate of the future Expence can (from the Nature of the Subject) be grounded upon any Authority better than that of Opinion. The Price of common Watches, where each Part is made by a different Workman, bears no Proportion to what must necessarily be charged by any Man who was to make the whole with his own Hands: the same Reduction will naturally take place when a Number of Workmen are instructed to make the different Parts of these. My Opinion is, that they might in a very few Years be afforded for about .100 a-piece, and if a Reduction of the Machinery can be effected (which I am strongly inclined to think is the Case, but have not had an Opportunity of proving by Experiment for want of my Models) the Expence may be reduced to about 70 or 80 l.

By this Time I think the Reader may naturally exclaim, How can all these Things be? What can induce a Number of n.o.blemen, Statesmen and Officers of the first Rank and most unblemished Characters; what can induce the President of the Royal Society, and the Professors of the Universities (to each of whom his Majesty has been most graciously pleased to order Payment of 15 l. per Day for every Board of Longitude they attend) and what can induce the Astronomer Royal, thus to discourage an Invention which they are specially const.i.tuted to improve, protect, and support? I might answer with Mr. _Maskelyne_, "that's none of my Business to account for."-_The Facts are so_, and this public Relation of them is extorted from me, by a Conviction that no other Way is left me to obtain Justice, or so likely to prevent the Invention from peris.h.i.+ng. However, if it is expected of me, like Mr. _Maskelyne_, to deliver an Opinion on this Point, I shall declare what I believe _very sincerely_, that by far the greater Part of the Commissioners are perfectly innocent of the Treatment I have met with: most of them are Commissioners by Virtue of great Employments which engage their Time and Attention: A Board so const.i.tuted is continually changing; and this being a Matter of Science which to many may seem rather abstruse, it was very naturally left to the Management of a few of those Members who stand in the most immediate Relation to Science, and whose Opinions, upon a Business of this Nature, the rest of the Board had too much Modesty to call in Question. How well they have merited that Degree of Confidence is left to the impartial World to determine.

To return again to Mr. _Maskelyne_'s Account: He, as I think has been already shewn, having said and done every Thing in his Power to the Dishonour and Discouragement of my Invention, scruples not to sum up his Opinion of it in the following Terms:

"That Mr. _Harrison_'s Watch cannot be depended upon to keep the Longitude within a Degree, in a _West-India_ Voyage of six Weeks, nor to keep the Longitude within Half a Degree for more than a Fortnight, and then it must be kept in a Place where the Thermometer is always some Degrees above freezing: that, in case the Cold amounts to freezing, the Watch cannot be depended upon to keep the Longitude within Half a Degree for more than a few Days, and perhaps not so long, if the Cold be very intense: nevertheless, that it is a useful and valuable Invention, and in Conjunction with the Observations of the Distance of the Moon from the Sun and fixed Stars, may be of considerable Advantage to Navigation."

Having sufficiently refuted the first Part of this Opinion already, it only remains for me to make such Remarks on the Lunar Method of finding the Longitude, as this coupling of my Invention with it seems to call upon me for.

It is with Reluctance that I follow Mr. _Maskelyne_ into a Subject in which I may seem, like him, to be actuated by a selfish Preference to my own Scheme; however, as I shall give my Reasons for what I advance, I will not hesitate to submit them to the Public. I beg to be understood as a warm and declared Friend to that and every other Mode which can be devised of ascertaining the Longitude at Sea, so long as they keep within the Bounds of Reason and Probability. Here are now two Methods before the Public; Wou'd to G.o.d there were two Hundred! The Importance of the Object would warrant public Encouragement to them all; but, called upon to say something on the Subject, I think it inc.u.mbent upon me to point out those Limits beyond which its Utility cannot, from the Nature of the Thing, be extended.

The Method of finding the Longitude by the Moon, in which Mr.

_Maskelyne_ is in a pecuniary way interested, is this.-If the apparent Distance between the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon and some fix'd Star, at any certain Part of the Globe, was for every Hour of the Year known; and if a Navigator, when at Sea, could also, by Observations, ascertain what is the apparent Distance, at the Place where he is, between the Sun and Moon, or between the Moon and a Star, and likewise their respective Alt.i.tudes; and if he could also, at the same Moment, ascertain the Time of the Day, either by an immediate Observation of the Sun, or by a Watch which would keep Time pretty exactly from the last solar Observation; these Matters of Fact being given, the Difference of Longitude may from thence be calculated. I admit the Principle to be absolutely true in Theory. The Lunar Tables, for which the Rewards have been given, are calculated to shew the Distance between the Sun and Moon, or Moon and Stars, at _Greenwich_; I admit the Practicability of making such Tables; but with Regard to the other Requisites, I beg Leave to observe that, for six Days in every Month, the Moon is too near the Sun for observing, consequently, during those Days, the Method falls _totally_ to the Ground; that for about other thirteen Days in every Month, the Sun and Moon are at too great a Distance for observing them at the same Time, or are not at the same Time visible; therefore, during those 13 Days, we must depend upon Observations of the Moon and Stars, and upon a Watch to keep Time, from the last Solar Observation with sufficient Exactness, which common Watches cannot be depended upon to do; well therefore might Mr. _Maskelyne_ admit that my Invention would become of considerable Value, even if taken in Aid of the Lunar Tables.

I leave the Reader to judge of the Practicability of making these Observations from what follows:

To ascertain the Longitude by the Moon and a Star, requires a distinct Horizon to be seen in the Night, which is next to impossible, and if you have not an Horizon, the Alt.i.tude of neither Moon nor Star can be taken: It also requires (and this perhaps when a s.h.i.+p is in a high Sea) the Distance of the Moon and Star, in order to come at which, the Image of one of them must be reflected through a silvered Gla.s.s, and the other seen through an unsilvered Part of the same Gla.s.s; and they must be brought into Conjunction in the Line that connects the silvered and unsilvered Parts, and this to an Exactness only true in Theory, for an Error of a Minute of a Degree committed in this Observation, will mislead the Mariner Half a Degree in his Longitude; Now I call upon any Astronomers of Reputation publickly to declare, that they have, even at Land, and with the best Instruments _Europe_ affords, been able to make this Observation of the Moon and a Star with _any thing like_ the Precision required to determine the Longitude within the Limits required by the Act of the 12th of Queen _Anne_; I know it cannot be done. Nay I further call upon any such Astronomers to declare, whether even in Observations of the Distance between the Sun and Moon, two of them observing together have _generally speaking_ agreed in this Observation within a Minute of a Degree: I know that in general the Difference between the best Observers even at Land will be more, and as a farther Proof of this a.s.sertion, I refer the Reader to the Note below:[6] And if these Matters of Fact are still doubted, I shall beg Leave to call upon Mr. _Maskelyne_ and Mr. _Green_ to declare how near they, with Admiral _Tyrrel_ agreed in determining the Longitude by the Sun and Moon in their Voyage to _Barbadoes_; and also whether during that Voyage they ever did determine their Longitude by the Moon and Stars.-I know they did not, for they found the Observation too difficult, and indeed _it is only true in Theory_.

From the foregoing Premises I infer,

1st. That during six Days in every Month, no Observations can be made by this Method to ascertain the Longitude at Sea.

2dly, That during 13 other Days in each Month, it is impracticable to ascertain it by this Method with any Instruments. .h.i.therto contrived, or which the Nature of the Service to be performed seems to admit of

And 3dly, That during the remaining 11 Days in each Month, when the Sun and Moon may, if the Weather is clear be observed at the same Time, no Reliance can safely be placed upon the best Instruments in the Hand of the best Observer for ascertaining the Longitude within the Limits of the Act of Queen _Anne_; and consequently, that how valuable soever the Lunar Tables may be for correcting a long dead Reckoning, and thereby telling us _whereabouts_ we are, when we are not afraid of falling in with the Land, yet even during these 11 Days, they do not extend to the Security of s.h.i.+ps near the Sh.o.r.e.