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Theory of the Earth Volume Ii Part 3

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Les cailloux arrondis, qui out ete long-temps exposes a l'air, out aussi pris par dehors une teinte noiratre ferrugineuse, mais ceux qui sont encore renfermes dans les bancs de gres ont comme lui une couleur jaunatre. Je n'en trouvai la aucun qui ne fut de nature primitive, et la plupart etoient de feldspath gris ou roux tres-dur, et confus.e.m.e.nt crystallise. Ce sont donc des pierres qui n'ont point naturellement une forme arrondie; et qui, par consequent, ne tiennent celle qu'elles ont ici, que du roulement, et du frottement des eaux.

Tous ces gres font effervescence avec l'eau-forte, mais les parties du reseau ferrugineux en font beaucoup moins que le fond meme du gres. De meme si l'on compare entr'eux les gres qui renferment des cailloux avec ceux qui n'en contiennent pas, on trouve dans ceux-ci plus de gluten calcaire, l'eau-forte diminue beaucoup plus leur coherence.

Sur la cime meme de la montagne, ces gres sont recouverts par une ardoise grise, luisante, qui s'exfolie a l'air. Et si l'on redescend de cette meme cime par le nord-est, du cote oppose au pa.s.sage des Fours, on retrouvera des bancs d'un gres parfaitement semblable, et qui se divisent la d'eux-memes en pet.i.ts fragmens parallelepipedes.

Du haut de cette cime, elevee de 1396 toises au-dessus de la mer, on a une vue tres entendue. Au nord et au nord-ouest les vallees de Mont Joie, de Pa.s.sy, de Sallanches; au couchant la haut cime calcaire dont j'ai parle, -- 759; au sud les montagnes qui s'etendent depuis le Chapiu jusqu'au Col de la Seigne; a l'est, ce meme Col que l'on domine beaucoup. Sur la droite de ce col, on voit du cote de l'Italie la chaine du Cramont, et plusieurs autres chaines qui lui sont paralleles, tourner tous leurs escarpemens contre la chaine centrale, de meme qu'on voit du cote de la Savoye, les chaines du Reposoir, de Pa.s.sy, de Servoz, tourner en sens contraire leurs escarpemens contre cette meme chaine. Car c'est-la une des vues tres etendues sur les deux cotes opposes des Alpes; puisque l'on decouvre d'ici les montagnes de Courmayeur et de l'Allee Blanche, qui sont du cote meridional de la chaine, et celles du Faucigny et de la Tarentaise, qui sont du cote septentrional. Or les sites d'ou l'on jouit tout a-la-fois de ces deux aspects sont tres rares; parce que les hautes cimes de la chaine centrale sont presque toutes inaccessibles, et les cols par lesquels on la traverse sont presque tous tortueux, etroite, et ne presentent pour la plupart que de vues tres bornees.

We have here two facts extremely important with regard to the present theory. The one of these respects the original formation of those alpine strata; the other the elevation of those strata from the bottom of the sea, and particularly the erection of those bodies, which had been formed horizontal, to their present state, which is that of being extremely inclined. It is to this last, that I would now particularly call the attention of my readers.

It is rarely that such an observation as this is to be met with. Perhaps it is rarely that this great fact occurs in nature, that is, so as to be a thing perceptible; it is still more rare that a person capable of making the observation has had the opportunity of perceiving it; and it is fortunate for the present theory, that our author, without prejudice or the bias of system, had been led, in the accuracy of a general examination, to make an observation which, I believe, will hardly correspond with any other theory but the present.

If strata are to be erected from the horizontal towards the vertical position, a subterraneous power must be placed under those strata; and this operation must affect those consolidated bodies with a certain degree of regularity, which however, from many interfering circ.u.mstances, may be seldom the object of our observation. If indeed we are to confine this subterraneous operation to a little spot, the effect may be very distinctly perceived in one view; such are those strata elevated like the roof of a house, which M. de Saussure has also described. But when the operation of this cause is to be extended to a great country, as that of the Alps, it is not easy to comprehend, as it were, in one view, the various corresponding effects of the same cause, through a s.p.a.ce of country so extensive, and where so many different and confounding observations must be made. In this case, we must generalize the particular observations, with regard to the inclinations of strata and their direction, in order to find a similar effect prevailing among bodies thus changed according to a certain rule; this rule then directs our understanding of the cause. The general direction of those alpine strata, in this place, is to run S.E. and N.W. that is to say, this is the horizontal line of those inclined beds. We also find that there is a middle line of inclination for those erected strata in this alpine region; as if this line had been the focus or centre of action and elevation, the strata on each side being elevated towards this lint, and declined from it by descending in the opposite direction.

The view which our author has now given us from this mountain is a most interesting object, and it is a beautiful ill.u.s.tration of this theory; for, the breaking of the tops of mountains, composed of erected strata, must be on that side to which their strata rise; and this rupture being here towards the central line of greatest elevation, the ridges must in their breaking generally respect the central ridge. But this is the very view which our enlightened observator has taken of the subject; and it is confirmed in still extending our observations westward through the kingdom of France, where we find the ridges of the Jura, and then those of Burgundy gradually diminis.h.i.+ng in their height as they recede from the centre of elevation, but still preserving a certain degree of regularity in the course of their direction.

But our author has still further observed that this is a general rule with regard to mountains. I will give it in his own words, Tom. 2. (p.

338.)

-- 918. Mais la chaine centrale n'est pas la seule primitive qu'il y ait de ce cote des Alpes. Du haut du Cramont en se tournant du cote de I'Italie, on voit un enta.s.s.e.m.e.nt de montagnes qui s'etendent aussi loin que peut aller la vue. Parmi ces montagnes on en distingue un au sud-ouest qui est extremement elevee: son nom est _Ruitor_: elle se presente au Cramont a-peu-pres pres sous le meme aspect que le Mont-Blanc a Geneve; sa cime est couverte de neiges, un grand glacier descend de sa moyenne region, et il en sort un torrent qui vient se jetter dans la riviere de la Tuile. Cette haut montagne, de nature primitive, est au centre d'une chaine de montagnes moins elevees, mais primitives comme elle, et qui pa.s.sent au-dessus du val de Cogne. On voit de la cime du Cramont des montagnes secondaires situees entre le Cramont et cette chaine primitive, et on reconnoit que les couches de ces montagnes s'elevent contre cette chaine en tournant le dos a la chaine centrale.

-- 939. L'inclinaison du Cramont et de la chaine contre le Mont-Blanc, n'est donc pas un phenomene qui n'appartienne qu'a cette seule montagne; il est commun a toutes les montagnes primitives, dont c'est une loi generale que les secondaires qui les bordent, ont de part et d'autre leurs couches ascendantes vers elles. C'est sur le Cramont, que je fis pour la premiere fois, cette observation alors nouvelle, que j'ai verifie ensuite sur un grand nombre d'autres montagnes, non pas seulement dans la chaine des Alpes, mais encore dans diverses autres chaines, comme je le ferai voir dans le IVe. volume. Les preuves multipliees que j'en avois sous les yeux au moment ou je l'eus faite, et d'autres a.n.a.logues que ma memoire me rappela d'abord, me firent soupconner son universalite, et je la liai immediatement aux observations que je venois de faire sur la structure du Mont-Blanc et de la chaine primitive dont il fait partie. Je voyois cette chaine composee de feuillets que l'on pouvoit considerer comme des couches; je voyois ces couches verticales dans le centre de cette chaine et celles des secondaires presque verticales dans le point de leur contact avec elles, le devenir moins a de plus grandes distances, et s'approcher peu-a-peu de la situation horizontale a mesure qu'elles s'eloignoient de leur point d'appui. Je voyois ainsi les nuances entre les primitives et les secondaires, que j'avois deja observees dans la matiere dont elles sont composees, s'etendre aussi a la forme et a la situation de leurs couches; puisque les sommites secondaires que j'avois la sous les yeux se terminoient en lames piramidales aigues et tranchantes, tout comme le Mont-Blanc, et les montagnes primitives de la chaine. Je conclus de tout ces rapports, que, puisque les montagnes secondaires avoient ete formees dans le sein des eaux, il falloit que les primitives eussent aussi la meme origine. Retracant alors dans ma tete la suite des grandes revolutions qu'a subies notre globe, je vis la mer, couvrant jadis toute la surface du globe, former par des depots et des crystallisations successives, d'abord les montagnes primitives puis les secondaires; je vis ces matieres s'arranger horizontalement par couches concentriques; et ensuite le feu ou d'autres fluides elastiques renfermes dans l'interieur du globe, soulever et rompre cette ecorce, et faire sortir ainsi la partie interieure et primitive de cette meme ecorce, tandis que ses parties exterieures ou secondaires demeuroient appuyees contre les couches interieures. Je vis ensuite les eaux se precipiter dans les gouffres creves et vides par l'explosion des fluides elastiques; et ces eaux, en courant a ces gouffres, entrainer a de grandes distances ces blocs enormes que nous trouvons epars dans nos plaines. Je vis enfin apres la retraite des eaux les germes des plantes et des animaux, fecondes par l'air nouvellement produit, commencer a se developper, et sur la terre abandonnee par les eaux, et dans les eaux memes, qui s'arreterent dans les cavites de la surface.

Telles font les pensees que ces observations nouvelles m'inspirerent en 1774. On verra dans le IVe. volume comment douze ou treize ans d'observations et de reflections continuelles sur ce meme sujet auront modifie ce premier germe de mes conjectures; je n'en parle ici qu'historiquement, et pour faire voir qu'elles sont les premieres idees que le grande spectacle du Cramont doit naturellement faire eclore dans une tete qui n'a encore epouse aucun systeme.

How far these appearances, which had suggested to this philosopher those ideas, agree with or confirm the present theory, which had been founded upon other observations, is here submitted to the learned.

We have now not only found a cause corresponding to that which can alone be conceived as producing this evident deplacement of bodies formed horizontally at the bottom of the sea, but we have also found that this same cause has operated every where upon those strata, in consolidating by means of fusion the porous texture of their ma.s.ses. Now when the evidence of those two facts are united, we cannot refuse to admit, as a part of the general system of the earth, that which is every where to be observed, although not every where to such advantage as in those regular appearances, which our author has now described from those alpine regions.

I have only one more example to give concerning this great region of the Alps belonging to Savoy and Switzerland. It is from the author of Les Tableaux de la Suisse.

[3] On s'embarque a Fluelen a une demi-lieue d'Altorf sur le lac des quatre Waldstoett ou cantons forestiers; les bords de ce lac sont des rochers souvent a pic et d'une tres grande elevation et la profondeur de ses eaux proportionnee. Ces roches sont toutes calcaires, et souvent remarquables par la position singuliere de leurs couches. A une demi-lieue environ de Fluelen, sur la droite, des couches de six pouces environ d'epaisseur sont deposees en zig-zags comme une tap.i.s.serie de point-d'hongrie; a une lieue et demie a cote de couches bien horizontales, de quatre a cinq pieds d'epaisseur il y en a de contournees de forme circulaire et d'elliptiques. Il seroit difficile de se faire une idee de la formation de pareilles couches, et d'expliquer comment les eaux ont pu les deposer ainsi.

[Footnote 3: Discours sur l'Hist. Nat. de la Suisse, page CLV.]

Having thus given a view of a large tract of country where the strata are indurated or consolidated and extremely elevated, without the least appearance of subterraneous fire or volcanic productions, it will now be proper to compare with this another tract of country, where the strata, though not erected to that extreme degree, have nevertheless been evidently elevated, and, which is princ.i.p.ally to the present purpose, are superinc.u.mbent upon immense beds of basaltes or subterranean lava.

This mineral view is now to be taken from M. de Luc, Lettres _Phisiques_ et Morales, Tom. 4.

This naturalist had discovered along the side of the Rhine many ancient volcanos which have been long extinct; but that is no part of the subject which we now inquire after; we want to see the operations of subterraneous lava which this author has actually exposed to our view without having seen it in that light himself. He would persuade us, as he has done himself, that there had been in the ancient sea volcanic eruptions under water which formed basaltic rocks; and that those eruptions had been afterwards covered with strata formed by the deposits made in that sea; which strata are now found in the natural position in which they had been formed, the sea having retreated into the bowels of the earth, and left those calcareous and arenaceous strata, with the volcanic productions upon which they had been deposited, in the atmosphere.

It would be out of place here to examine the explanation which this author has given with regard to the consolidation of those deposited strata which is by means of the filtration of water, but as in this place there occurs some unusual or curious examples of a particular consolidation of limestone or calcareous deposits, as well as similar consolidations of the siliceous sort, it may be worth while to mention them in their place that so we may see the connection of those things, and give all the means of information which the extremely attentive observations of this naturalist has furnished to the world of letters.

At Oberwinter our author remarks a stratum of consolidated sand above volcanic matter, Tome 4, p. 162. Tant que j'ai parcouru le pied du cone, je n'ai vu qu'un terrain compose de ces debris, et cultive en vignes. Mais apres l'avoir depa.s.se, j'ai trouve la coupe verticale d'une colline a couches pierreuses, si reguliers, que je les ai prises au premier coup d'oeil pour de la pierre a chaux. L'esprit de nitre m'a detrompe: c'est une pierre sableuse tres compacte, dont les couches, qui n'ont souvent que quelques pouces d'epaisseur, s'elevent par une pente insensible vers le cone volcanique qu'elle recouvrent de ce cote la sans aucune apparence de desordre. Ces couches qui sont visiblement des depots de la mer, quoique je n'y ai pas trouve de corps marins, ont ete formees depuis que le cone s'etoit eleve.

This is a species of reasoning which this acute naturalist would surely not have let pa.s.s in any other cosmologist. But here the love of system, or a particular theory, seems to have warped his judgment. For, had our author been treating of beds or bodies deposited in water, and preserving the natural situation in which they had been formed, he would have had reason to conclude that the superior bed was of the latest formation; but here is no question of superinc.u.mbent strata; it is a stratum which is superinc.u.mbent on a lava; and it is equally natural to suppose the lava posterior to the stratum as the stratum posterior to the lava.

Our author meets with a limestone too much erected in its position to be supposed as in its natural place, and then he explains this phenomenon in the following manner, p. 333. Les rochers d'Ehrentbreitstein et de Lahnstein sont donc des faits particuliers. Ces rochers la ont ete formes par des depots de la mer: Les corps marin qu'ils renferment en font foi. Des lors ils ont du avoir dans leur origine la seule position que la mer put leur donner; l'horizontale ou legerement inclinee. Leur couches sont aujourd'hui rompues, et leur inclination n'est plus celle de depots immediats de la mer. Les collines, auxquelles elle appartenoient, sont en meme tems entourees de volcans anciens; et il est naturel d'en conclure, que c'est a eux que ces grands rochers doivent leur position actuelle.

Here one would expect our author is to allow that volcanos may erect rocks in heightening them in their place; but this is not the light in which it has been seen by him, as will appear from what follows.

L'enfoncement d'une de leurs cotes n'est rien, quand on considere le prodigieuse excavation qui ont du se faire, pour porter au dehors toutes les montagnes, les collines, et les plaines volcaniques qui se trouvent dans ce vaste circuit.

When a small portion of a stratum is examined, such as the present case, it is impossible from inspection to determine, whether it owes its inclined position to the sinking or the raising of the ground; the stratum is changed from its original position, but whether this has been brought about by the raising of the one side, or the sinking of the other is not apparent from what then is seen. But unless we are to explain the appearance of strata above the level of the sea by a supposition which is that of the retreat of the ocean, a theory which this author has adopted, it is as impossible to explain the present appearance of horizontal strata as of those that are inclined. At the same time, if a power placed below the strata is to be employed for the purpose of raising them from the bottom of the sea, to the place in which we find them at present, it is impossible that this should be done without the fracture of those strata in certain places; and it is much more difficult to conceive this operation not to be attended with changing the natural horizontal position of strata, and thus leaving them in many places inclined, than otherwise by supposing that this internal power of the globe should elevate the strata without changing their original position.

With this description of strata on the Rhine, we may compare that of M.

Monnet respecting those which he found upon the Meuse, (Nouveau Voyage Mineralogique, etc. Journal Physique, Aoust, 1784.)

Speaking of the schistus, or slate, he adds: Mais ces pet.i.tes veines nous donnent lieu de faire une observation importante; c'est qu'elles se presentent a.s.sez communement perpendiculaire, tandis que les grands bancs d'ardoises, ceux qu'on exploite, sont, comme nous l'avons dit, couches sur une ligne de 15 a 20 degres. J'ai parle des montagnes de marbre qui sont derriere Givet, et de celles sur la quelle est situe Charlemont. J'ai fait voir que bien loin que les bancs de marbre, qui forment la montagne du Givet, soient horizontaux comme on seroit tente de le croire, d'apres les principes de quelques naturalistes systematiques, qui pensent que tous les bancs de pierres calcaires ne sauroient etre autrement; j'ai fait voir, dis-je, que ces bancs sont presque perpendiculaire a l'horizon; et de plus, qu'ils sont tellement colles les uns contre les autres, qu'a peine on peut les distinguer.

The changed structure and position of the strata, now exemplified from the observations both of M. de Saussure and M. de Luc, observations made in a great extent from France to Germany, show the effects without the means by which those effects had been produced; and, in this case, it is by judging from certain principles of natural philosophy that the cause is discovered in the effect.

We are now to see the deplacement of at least a great body of earth in another light, by having at the same time in our view both the cause and the effect. Nothing can give a more proper example of this than the mine of Rammelsberg; and no description better adapted to give a clear idea than that of M. de Luc, which I shall now transcribe. Lettres Phisiques et Morales, Tome 3. p. 361 to 364.

Deux _filons_ princ.i.p.aux occupent les mineurs dans le _Rammelsberg_: filons immenses, car ils ont jusqu'a 18 ou 20 toises d'epaisseur dans une etendue dont on ne connoit pas encore les bornes. L'un de ces _filons_ fait avec l'horizon un angle de 25 degres; c'est l'inferieur: l'autre s'eleve de 45 degres: et leur distance etant peu considerable, leurs plans doivent se rencontrer dans un point qui n'est pas fort eloigne des mines. Leurs _directions_ sont aussi differentes: celle du _filon_ de 35 degres est a 6 _heures_; et celle du _filon_ de 45 degres est a 5_h._-1/2: tellement qu'ils se croisent a l'endroit ou est perce le puits des pompes.

On est embarra.s.se d'expliquer l'etat de cette montagne par des secousses. Il faut au moins supposer que la montagne entiere a ete culbutee, et encore reste-t-il a comprendre, comment s'est soutenue cette grande piece qui separe les filons, et qui, en supposant vuides les es.p.a.ces de ceux-ci, se trouveroit absolument en l'air.

Ce phenomene important a l'histoire des montagnes, je veux dire ces intersections des _filons_, est tres frequent dans les mines et tres remarque par les mineurs. Il arrive souvent que des _filons_, qui sont a la meme _heure_, c'est-a-dire, qui ont des _directions_ semblables vers l'horizon, ont une chute ou inclinaison differente, et telle que leurs deux plans se coupent a une certaine profondeur. Si le mineur ne s'en appercoit pas a.s.sez tot, et que des le commencement de son exploitation, il n'etanconne pas fortement partout ou il enleve les _filons_, tout son ouvrage peut etre ecrase par l'enfoncement de la piece qui les separoit.

Cette piece meme a un nom chez le mineurs; ils la nomment _Bergkiel_, c'est-a-dire coin de la matiere de la montagne: et quand deux filons sont voisins l'une de l'autre, le geometre souterrain en etudie l'inclinaison pour juger a l'avance s'il y aura un _Bergkiel_; et qu'en ce cas la mineur prenne ses precautions, en conservant des appuis naturels dans la gangue, ou s'en faisant d'artificiels, a mesure qu'il s'enfonce. Or si, en elevant les filons, ce coin se trouve sans appui; comment s'est-il soutenu avant que les filons fussent formes?

Voila une question forte embarra.s.sante. Mais peut-etre n'a-t-on pas fait a.s.sez d'attention jusqu'ici a la mauvaise gangue, qui se trouve etre de la meme nature que la montagne. Peut-etre trouveroit on par la, qu'en meme tems que les fentes se font faites, il y est tombe des pieces des ctes, qui ont empeche la reunion des parties de la montagne; fragmens qui, aujourd'hui, font partie des _filons_, et qu'on pourroit laisser encore pour appuis naturels, n'exploitant qu'autour d'eux lorsqu'on auroit appris a les connoitre.

Ce peu d'inclinaison des _filons_ du Rammelsberg rappelleroit l'idee des _couches_ formees de depots successifs, s'ils etoient paralleles.

Mais leur manque de parallelisme en tout sens exclut cette explication.

Car dans toutes les montagnes qui doivent leur formation aux depots des eaux, les _couches_ sont paralleles; et l'on sent bien qu'elles doivent l'etre.

La nature des _filons_ du _Rammelsberg_ est aussi differente de celle de _Claustbat_ que l'est leur situation. C'est un ma.s.sif compacte, et presque partout le meme, de mineral de _plomb_ et _argent_ pauvre, penetre de _pyrite_ sulphureuse. Ils sont traverses en plusieurs endroits par de _Ruscheln_, qui ont fait glisser le toit vers le _mur_; tellement que malgre l'epaisseur de ces _filons_, on crut une fois en avoir trouve la fin. Ils sont aussi coupes dans leur interieur, en sens differens, par d'autres plus pet.i.ts _filons_, composes de matieres tres differentes; surtout d'une _pyrite cuivreuse_ dure et pauvre, et que par cette raison on ne tente pas de separer.

En mettant a part ces pet.i.ts _filons_ particuliers, ainsi que les Ruscheln, dus probablement les uns et les autres a des causes posterieures a celles qui ont produit les filons princ.i.p.aux, la ma.s.se compacte de ceux-ci reveille beaucoup l'idee d'une matiere fondue; en meme tems qu'on seroit fort embarra.s.se a concevoir, d'ou viendroit cette matiere, si distincte de toute autre, lorsqu'on voudroit l'attribuer a l'eau.

Cette idee, que je dois a Mr. de Redden, perfectionnee par l'etude des phenomenes, donnera peut-etre un jour le mot de toutes ces enigmes.

Here is the clearest evidence that an enormous ma.s.s of mountain had been raised by a subterranean force; that this force had acted upon an enormous column of melted minerals, the specific gravity of which is great; and that this fluid ma.s.s had suspended a great wedge of this mountain, or raised it up. Now, if by means which are natural to the globe, means which are general to the earth, as appearing in every mineral vein, this ma.s.s of mountain had been raised up and suspended twenty fathoms, there is no reason why we should suppose nature limited, whether in raising a greater ma.s.s of earth, or of raising it a greater height. That the height to which the land of this globe shall be raised, is a thing limited in the system of this earth, in having a certain bounds which it shall not exceed, cannot be disputed, while wisdom in that system is acknowledged; but it is equally evident, that we cannot set any other bounds to the operation of this cause, than those which nature appears actually to have observed in elevating a continent of land above the level of the sea for the necessary purpose of this world, in which there is to be produced a variety of climates, as there is of plants, from the burning coast under the equator to the frozen mountains of the Andes.

Here therefore we have, although upon a smaller scale, the most perfect view of that cause which has every where been exerted in the greater operations of this earth, and has transformed the bottom of the sea to the summits of our mountains. Now, this moving power appears to have been the effect of an internal fire, a power which has been universally employed for the consolidation of strata, by introducing various degrees of fusion among the matter of those ma.s.ses, and a power which is peculiarly adapted to that essential purpose in the system of this earth, when dry land is formed by the elevation of what before had existed as the bottom of the sea.

I hope it will not be thought that too much is here adduced in confirmation of this part of the theory. The elevation of strata from their original position, which was horizontal, is a material part; it is a fact which is to be verified, not by some few observations, or appearances here and there discovered in seeking what is singular or rare, but by a concurrence of many observations, by what is general upon the surface of the globe. It is therefore highly interesting not only to bring together that mult.i.tude of those proofs which are to be found in every country, but also to give examples of that variety of ways in which the fact is to be proved. Were it necessary, much more might be given, having many examples in this country of Scotland, in Derbys.h.i.+re, and in Wales, from my proper observation; but, in giving examples for the confirmation of this theory, I thought it better to seek for such as could not be suspected of partiality in the observation.

CHAP. III.

_Facts in confirmation of the Theory, respecting those Operations which re-dissolve the Surface of the Earth_.

We have now discussed the proof of those mineral operations by which the horizontal strata, consolidated at the bottom of the sea, had been changed in their position, and raised into the place of land. The next object of our research is to see those operations, belonging to the surface of the earth, by which the consolidated and erected strata have been again dissolved, in order to serve the purpose of this world, and to descend again into the bottom of the sea from whence they came.

Of all the natural objects of this world, the surface of the earth is that with which we are best acquainted, and most interested. It is here that man has the disposal of nature so much at his will; but here, man, in disposing of things at the pleasure of his will, must learn, by studying nature, what will most conduce to the success of his design, or to the happy economy of his life. No part of this great object is indifferent to man; even on the summits of mountains, too high for the sustaining of vegetable life, he sees a purpose of nature in the acc.u.mulated snow and in majestic streams of the descending ice. On every other spot of the surface of this earth, the system of animal and vegetable life is served, in the continual productions of nature, and in the repeated multiplication of living beings which propagate their species.

But, for this great purpose of the world, the solid structure of this earth must be sacrificed; for, the fertility of our soil depends upon the loose and incoherent state of its materials; and, that state of our fertile soil necessarily exposes it to the ravages of the rain upon the inclined surface of the earth. In studying this part of the economy of nature, we may perceive the most perfect wisdom in the actual const.i.tution of things; for, while it is so ordered that the solid ma.s.s of earth should be resolved for the purpose of vegetation, the perishable soil is as much as possible preserved by the protection of those solid parts; and these consolidated ma.s.ses are resolved in so slow a manner, that nothing but the most philosophic eye, by reasoning upon a chain of facts, is able to discover it. Thus it may be concluded, that the apparent permanency of this earth is not real or absolute; and that the fertility of its surface, like the healthy state of animal bodies, must have its period, and be succeeded by another.

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