Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion Part 7

[35] The sacerdotal year was lunar. The civil year, which was doubtless of later origin, and had been adopted as better suited to the purposes of agriculture, was solar. Every thirteenth year the two coincided. The number _four_, which plays an important part in Mexican symbolism (cf.

the Mexican cross) gave a kind of cosmic significance to 13 4 = 52.

[36] See _Bancroft_, Vol. III. pp. 393-396.

[37] Compare the Appendix to Jourdanet's translation of Bernal Diaz, pp.

912 sqq.

[38] On the conversion of the Mexicans, &c., compare the anonymous treatise at the end of _Kingsborough's_ "Mexican Antiquities," Vol. IX.

Cf. also _Torquemada,_ Lib. xvii. cap. xx., Lib. xix. cap. xxix.

[39] See _P. Pauke,_ "Reise in d. Missionen von Paraguay:" Vienna, 1829, p. 111.

[40] In addition to the works of _Acosta_, _Gomara_, _Herrera_, _Humboldt_, _Waitz_ and _Muller_, already cited in connection with Mexico, and _Prescott's_ "Conquest of Peru," we may mention the following authorities for the political and religious history of Peru:

_Xeres_ (Pizarro's secretary): "Verdadera relacion de la conquista del Peru y provincia del Cuzco llamada la nueva Castilla ... por Francisco de Xeres," &c.: Seville, 1534. English translation by Markham in "Reports on the Discovery of Peru:" printed for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1872.--_Zarate_ (official Spanish "auditor" in Peru): "Historia del descubrimiento y conquista del Peru.... La qual escriua Augustin de carate," &c.: Antwerp, 1555. English translation: "The strange and delectable History, &c.: translated out of the Spanish Tongue by T.

Nicholas:" London, 1581.--_Cieza de Leon_ (served in Peru for seventeen years): "Parte Primera Dela chronica del Peru," &c.: Seville, 1553. The second and third Parts have never been printed. English translation by Markham: Hakluyt Society, 1864. [N. B. _Xeres_ (or _Jeres_), _Cieza de Leon_ and _Zarate_, are all contained in Tom. XXVI. of Aribau's "Biblioteca de autores Espanoles."]--_Diego Fernandez_ of Palencia (historiographer of Peru under the vice-royalty of Mendoza): "Primera, y Segunda Parte, de la Historia del Peru," &c.: Seville, 1571.--_Miguel Cavello Balboa:_ "Histoire du Perou," in Ternaux-Compans, Vol.

XV.--_Arriaga_: "Extirpacion de la Idolatria del Piru ... Por el Padre Pablo Joseph de Arriaga de la Compania de Jesus:" Lima, 1621. Extracts are given in Ternaux-Compans, Vol. XVII.--_Fernando Montesinos_: "Memoires historiques sur l'Ancien Perou:" translated from the Spanish MS. in Ternaux-Compans, Vol. XVII. Montesinos rectifies Garcila.s.so de la Vega on more points than one.--_Johannes de Laet_: "Novus...o...b..s," &c.: Leiden, 1633.--Velasco: "Historia del Reino de Quito," &c.: Quito, 1844.

This work is in three Parts, the second of which, the "Historia Antigua," is the one referred to in future notes. This second Part is translated in Ternaux-Compans, Vols. XVIII. XIX.

The Abbe _Raynal's_ "Histoire philosophique et politique des etabliss.e.m.e.nts ... des Europeens dans les deux Indes" (10 vols.: Geneva, 1770) made a great stir in its time, the English translation by Justamond reaching a third edition in 1777; but it is now completely forgotten, and has no real value for our purposes. I cannot refrain from a pa.s.sing notice of a romance which is now almost as completely forgotten as the Abbe Raynal's History, in spite of its long popularity: I mean _Marmontel's_ "Les Incas et la Destruction de l'empire du Perou:"

Paris, 1777. The author derived his materials from Garcila.s.so de la Vega. In spite of the florid style and innumerable offences against historical and psychological fact which characterize this work, it cannot be denied that Marmontel has disengaged with great skill the profound causes of the irremediable ruin of the Peruvian state.

_Lacroix_: "Perou," in Vol. IV. of "L'Amerique" in "L'Univers Pittoresque."--_Paul Chaix_: "Histoire de l'Amerique meridionale au XVI^e siecle," Part I.: Geneva, 1853.--_Wuttke_: "Geschichte des Heidenthums," Theil I., 1852.--_J. J. von Tschudi_: "Peru. Reiseskizzen aus den Jahren 1838-1842:" St. Gallen, 1846.--_Thos. J. Hutchinson_: "Two Years in Peru, with explorations of its Antiquities:" London, 1873.

Hutchinson had good reason to point out the exaggerations in which Garcila.s.so indulges with reference to his ancestors the Incas, but he himself speaks too slightingly of their government. Had it not been in the main beneficent and popular, it could not have left such affectionate and enduring memories in the minds of the native population.

For the method of citation, see end of note on p. 18.

[41] This work is in two Parts, the first of which (Lisbon, 1609) gives an account of the native traditions, customs and history prior to the Spanish conquest, while the second (published under the separate t.i.tle of _Historia General del Peru_: Cordova, 1617) deals with the Spanish conquest, &c. English translation by Sir Paul Rycaut: London, 1688, not at all to be trusted; both imperfect (omitting and condensing in an arbitrary fas.h.i.+on) and incorrect. As it may be in the possession of some of my readers, however, reference will be made to it in future notes.

The earlier and more important part of Garcila.s.so's work has recently been translated for the _Hakluyt Society_ by _Clements R. Markham_, 2 vols.: London, 1869, 1871. References are to the _Commentarios reales_ (Part I.), unless otherwise stated.

[42] _Herrera_, Decada v. Libro iv. cap. ii. (Vol. IV. p. 335, in Stevens's epitomized translation).

[43] _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. iv. cap. viii., Lib. v. capp. vi. vii. viii.

xiii.; _Acosta_, Lib. vi. capp. xiii. xvi.; _Montesinos_, p. 57.

[44] _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. vi. cap. x.x.xv.

[45] _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. v. cap. xii.; _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iv. cap.

iv. (Vol. IV. p. 344, in Stevens's translation). See also _Hazart_, "Historie van Peru," Part II. chap. iv.; in his "Kerckelijcke Historie van de Gheheele Wereldt," Vol. I. p. 315: Antwerp, 1682.

[46] See _Gomara_ (in Vol. XXII. of the Bibliotheca de Autores Espanoles), p. 228a; _Garcilla.s.so_, "Historia General," &c., Lib. i.

cap. xviii.; cf. _Prescott_, Bk. iii. chaps. v. vi., and Appendices viii. ix.

[47] _Gomara_, p. 232 a.

[48] Cf. _Waitz_, Theil IV. S. 411, 418.

[49] Cf. _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. v. cap. xiii.; _Prescott_, Bk. i. chap. ii.

[50] _Muller_, p. 406.

[51] See _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iv. cap. iii. (Vol. IV. pp. 337 sqq. in Stevens's translation); _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. ii. capp. xii. xiii. xiv. (p.

35 of Rycaut's translation, in which the pa.s.sage is much shortened), Lib. v. cap. xi.; _Velasco_, Lib. ii. -- 6.

[52] _Acosta_, Lib. vi. cap. xviii.; _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iv. cap. i.

and end of cap. iii. (Vol. IV. pp. 329 sq., 342, in Stevens's translation).

[53] _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. iv. cap. vii.; _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iv. capp.

ii. iii. (Vol. IV. pp. 334, 341, in Stevens's translation); cf.

_Montesinos_, p. 56.

[54] _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. iv. cap. xix.; cf. Lib. viii. cap. viii. (ad fin.).

[55] Cf. _Tschudi_, Vol. II. p. 387; _Hutchinson_, Vol. II. pp. 175-6.

[56] _Montesinos_, p. 119, cf. pp. 33, 108.

[57] _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. v. cap. iii.

[58] _Humboldt_, pp. 108, 294.

[59] _Gomara_, p. 277 b.

[60] _Prescott_, Bk. iii. chap. viii.

[61] Cf. _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. vi. cap. iv.

[62] _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. i. capp. ix.-xvii.; cf. Lib. ii. cap. ix., Lib.

iii. cap. xxv.

[63] Such at least is the etymology proposed by Garcila.s.so (Lib. i. cap.

xviii.). Modern Peruvian scholars rather incline to refer _Cuzco_ to the same root as _cuzcani_ ("to clear the ground").

[64] See the critical summary of the history of the Incas in _Waitz_, Theil. IV. S. 396 sq. The following table of the successive Incas follows Garcila.s.so:

Manco Capac, died about 1000 Sinchi Roca, " 1091 Lloque Yupanqui, " 1126 Mayta Capac, " 1156 Capac Yupanqui, " 1197 Inca Roca, " 1249 Yahuar Huacac, " 1289 Viracocha Inca Ripac, " 1340 [Inca Urco, who only reigned 11 days, is omitted by Garcila.s.so]

t.i.to Manco Capac Pachacutec, " 1400 Yupanqui, " 1438 Tupac Yupanqui, " 1475 Huayna Capac, " 1525 Huascar, } " {1532 Atahualpa,} " {1533

[65] _Garcila.s.so_, Lib. viii. cap. viii. Garcila.s.so says that he translates this pa.s.sage, word for word, from the Latin MS. of the Jesuit Father, _Blas Valera_.

[66] _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iv. cap. iv. (Vol. IV. p. 346, in Stevens's translation).

[67] Lib. ix. cap. x.

[68] _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. i. capp. ii. iii., Lib. iii. cap. xvii.

(Vol. IV. pp. 240 sqq., 325 sqq., in Stevens's translation).

[69] _Herrera_, Dec. v. Lib. iii. cap. ii. (Vol. IV. p. 266, in Stevens's translation); _Gomara_, p. 231 a.