Bloodletting Instruments in the National Museum of History and Technology Part 14

[44] S. HOLTH, "Greco-Roman and Arabic Bronze Instruments and Their Medico-Surgical Use," _Skriften utgit an Videnskapsselskapet I Kristrania_ (1919), page 1 (below). Holth lists the content of lead, tin, zinc, iron, copper, and cobalt found in a number of ancient bronze medical items in his collection, which formerly belonged to Baron Ustinov of Russia. These instruments were unearthed in Syria and Palestine from 1872 to 1890.

[45] An occasional curious item like the spring lancet on display in the Welch Medical Library of the Johns Hopkins University is an exception.

[46] MILNE, op cit. [note 43], pages 35-36.

[47] LAURENCE HEISTER, _A General System of Surgery in Three Parts_, translated into English (London, 1759), 7th edition, page 294.

[48] GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume III, page 558.

[49] G. GAUJOT and E. SPILLMAN, _a.r.s.enal de la Chirurgie Contemporaine_ (Paris: J. B. Bailliere et fils, 1872), pages 274-276.

[50] MILNE, op. cit. [note 43], page 33.

[51] GARRISON, op. cit. [note 38], page 433.

[52] SIR WILLIAM FERGUSON, _Lectures on the Progress of Anatomy and Surgery during the Present Century_ (London: John Churchill & Sons, 1867), page 284.

[53] JAMES EWELL, _The Medical Companion_ (Philadelphia, 1816), pages 405, 406.

[54] For an ill.u.s.tration of incisions, see HEISTER, (1759), op. cit. [note 47].

[55] MILNE, op. cit. [note 43], page 36.

[56] GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume III, page 556.

[57] P. Hamonic describes an eighteenth-century Naples porcelain figure of a woman being bled that ill.u.s.trates the elegant manner in which the operation was performed. P. HAMONIC, _La Chirurgie et la medecine d'autrefois d'apres une premiere serie d'instruments anciens renfermes dans mes collections_ (Paris: A. Maloine, ed., 1900), pages 91, 93.

[58] THOMAS d.i.c.kSON, _A Treatise on Bloodletting with an Introduction Recommending a Review of the Materia Medica_ (London, 1765), page 1.

[59] SIR D'ARCY POWER, editor, _British Medical Societies_ (London: The Medical Press Circular, 1939), page 23.

[60] Wakeley was a heretic wealthy doctor who led the campaign in Britain against the monopoly of surgical training and practice held by the Royal College of Surgeons of London. ALAN ARNOLD KLa.s.s, _There's Gold in "Them Thar Pills"_ (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1975), pages 158-159.

[61] JOHN HARVEY POWELL, _Bring Out Your Dead_ (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949), page 123.

[62] See, e.g., RICHARD SHRYOCK, _Medicine and Society in America: 1660-1860_ (New York: New York University Press, 1960), pages 67, 111-112.

[63] JAMES T. FLEXNER, _George Was.h.i.+ngton: Anguish and Farewell_ (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), pages 457-459.

[64] BARBARA DUNc.u.m, _The Development of Inhalation Anesthesia_ (The Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, Oxford University Press, 1947), page 195.

[65] HAMONIC, op. cit. [note 57], pages 95-96.

[66] DONALD D. s.h.i.+RA, "Phlebotomy Lancet," _Ohio State Medical Journal_, volume 35 (1939), page 67.

[67] HEISTER, (1719) loc. cit. [note 18].

[68] _Encyclopedia or Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences_, 1st American edition (Philadelphia, 1798).

[69] RISTELHUEBER, "Notice: sur la flammette, phlebotome des Allemands, Fliete, Schnepper oder gefederte Fliete, phlebotomus elasticus, Flamme ou flammette," _Journal de Medecine, chirurgie et pharmacologie_, volume 37 (Paris, 1816), pages 9-17.

[70] JOHN SYNG DORSEY, _Elements of Surgery: For the Use of Students_, volume 2 (Philadelphia, 1813), pages 279-281.

[71] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 16479.

[72] M. MALGAIGNE, "Esquisse historique sur la saignee consideree au point de vue operatoire; extrait des lecons du Professeur Malgaigne," _Revue Medico Chirurgicale de Paris_, volume 9 (1851), page 123.

[73] GARRISON, op. cit. [note 38], page 501.

[74] Some of these studies are cited in B. M. RANDOLPH, "The Bloodletting Controversy in the Nineteenth Century," _Annals of Medical History_, volume 7 (1935), page 181.

[75] Quotation cited by LESTER S. KING, "The Blood-letting Controversy: A Study in the Scientific Method," _Bulletin of the History of Medicine_, volume 35 (1961), page 2.

[76] MARTIN KAUFMANN, _Homeopathy in America_ (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971), pages 1-14. Other references on the decline of bloodletting include: LEON S. BRYAN, JR., "Blood-letting in American Medicine, 1830-1892," _Bulletin of the History of Medicine_, volume 38 (1964), pages 516-529; B. M. RANDOLPH, op. cit. [note 74], pages 177-182; JAMES POLK MORRIS, "The Decline of Bleeding in America, 1830-1865" (ma.n.u.script, Inst.i.tute for the Medical Humanities, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas), 11 pages.

[77] HENRY I. BOWDITCH, _Venesection, Its Abuse Formerly--Its Neglect at the Present Day_ (Boston: David Clapp & Son, 1872), pages 5, 6.

[78] W. MITCh.e.l.l CLARKE, "On the History of Bleeding, and Its Disuse in Modern Practice," _The British Medical Journal_ (July 1875), page 67.

[79] HENRY LAFLEUR, "Venesection in Cardiac and Arterial Disease," _The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_, volume 2 (1891), pages 112-114.

[80] See, for example, JOHN REID, _"Bleeding," Essays on Hypochondriasis and Other Nervous Affections_ (London, 1821), essay 22 page 334.

[81] AUSTIN FLINT, _A Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Medicine_, 3rd edition (Philadelphia, 1868), page 150.

[82] MARTIN DUKE, "Arteriosclerotic Heart Disease, Polychthenic and Phlebotomy--Rediscovered," _Rhode Island Medical Journal_, volume 48 (1965), page 477.

[83] SAMUEL LEVINE, Editorial, "Phlebotomy, An Ancient Procedure Turning Modern?," _Journal of the American Medical a.s.sociation_ (January 26, 1963), page 280.

[84] GEORGE BURCH and N. P. DEPASQUALE, "Phlebotomy Use in Patients with Erythrocytosis and Ischemic Heart Disease," _Archives of Internal Medicine_, volume 3 (June 1963), pages 687-695. See also GEORGE BURCH and N. P. DEPASQUALE, "Hematocrit, Viscosity and Coronary Blood Flow,"

_Diseases of the Chest_, volume 48 (September 1965), pages 225-232.

[85] HEINRICH STERN, "A Venepuncture Trocar (Stern's Trocar)," _Medical Record_ (December 1905), pages 1043, 1044.

[86] DELAVAN V. HOLMAN, "Venesection, Before Harvey and After," _Bulletin New York Academy of Medicine_, volume 31 (September 1955), pages 662, 664.

[87] SAMUEL BAYFIELD, _A Treatise on Practical Cupping_ (London, 1823), page 11.

[88] CELSUS, _De Medicina_, op. cit. [note 6], page 169. For bibliography on cupping, see WILLIAM BROCKBANK, _Ancient Therapeutic Arts_ (London: William Heinemann, 1954); JOHN HALLER, "The Gla.s.s Leech: Wet and Dry Cupping Practices in the Nineteenth Century," _New York State Journal of Medicine_ (1973), pages 583-592; BROCHIN, "Ventouses," _Dictionnaire encyclopedique des sciences medicales_, series 5, volume 2 (1886), pages 750-752; and, the _Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, U.S. Army_.

[89] HIPPOCRATES, _Aphorisms_, V, page 50.

[90] THOMAS MAPLESON, _A Treatise on the Art of Cupping_ (London, 1813), opposite page 1.

[91] GURLT, op. cit. [note 1], volume 3, page 151.

[92] CHARLES COURY, "Saignees, ventouses et cauterisations dans le medecine orientale a l'epoque de la Renaissance," _Histoire de la medecine_, volume 11 (November-December 1961), pages 9-23.

[93] W. A. GILLESPIE, "Remarks on the Operation of Cupping, and the Instruments Best Adapted to Country Practice," _Boston Medical and Surgical Journal_, volume 10 (1834), page 28.