Grey Wolf: The Escape of Adolf Hitler Part 12

86 "leading coordinator": Marrs, Rise of the Fourth Reich.

86 "good offices of the Spanish banks": Manning, Martin Bormann.

87 "It is possible that Germany will be defeated": Marrs, Rise of the Fourth Reich.

88 Operation Penguin: Steven J. Zaloga, V-2 Ballistic Missile 194252 (Oxford: Osprey, 2003).

88 V-2 attacks in London: A4/V2 Resource Site, www.V2rocket.com.

88 "under rocket attack for some weeks": Michael J. Neufeld, The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemunde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era (New York: Free Press, 1995).

89 "We have invaded s.p.a.ce": Walter Dornberger, V-2 (New York: Viking, 1954).

89 "first actual record on film": Roy M. Stanley II, V Weapons Hunt: Defeating German Secret Weapons (Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword, 2010).

90 "Polish Home Army partisans": Marek Ney-Krwawicz, The Polish Home Army 19391945, trans. Antoni Bohdanowicz (London: Polish Underground Movement (19351945) Study Trust, 2001). See also www.polishresistance-ak.org/2Article.htm, courtesy of the Polish Inst.i.tute and Sikorski Museum, London.

90 Operation Hydra: Neufeld, Rocket and the Reich. Tragically, the majority of the casualties were press-ganged Polish workers, although the head of engine development, Dr. Walter Thiel, was also among some 735 people who were killed. Forty RAF aircraft were lost.

91 slave laborers: Ibid.

91 "far exceeds anything ever done in Europe": Ibid.

91 Operation Penguin: Zaloga, V-2 Ballistic Missile. One of the worst incidents occurred on November 25, 1944, when a V-2 fell on a Woolworth's store in New Cross, East London, killing 168 people. The final V-2 directed against London landed in Orpington, Kent, on March 27, 1945, killing Mrs. Ivy Millichamp-the last of the 60,595 British civilians to be killed in World War II. The greatest single loss of life was the 571 people killed on December 16, 1944, when a V-2 struck the Rex Cinema on Avenue De Keyserlei in Antwerp, Belgium.

91 "sixty missiles per week": Tooze, Wages of Destruction.

92 "Confidence was so high": Davies, Europe at War.

92 Chartres Cathedral and the Bruges Madonna: Edsel, Monuments Men. Along with a vast repository of Hitler's fabulous art collection, the Madonna of Bruges was stored in a salt mine at Altaussee in the Bavarian Alps, where it was primed for destruction by high explosives on Bormann's orders. The Madonna of Bruges was rescued by the Monuments Men on July 10, 1945, and returned to its home in the Church of Our Lady in Bruges, Belgium, where it resides to this day.

93 "apparent imminence of German defeat": Thacker, End of the Third Reich.

93 Arnhem: Lewin, Ultra Goes to War; Stephen Badsey, Arnhem 1944: Operation Market Garden (Oxford: Osprey, 1993).

93 "another grueling battle": Steven J. Zaloga, The Siegfried Line 194445: Battles on the German Frontier (Oxford: Osprey, 2007).

94 "electromagnetic separation calutrons": Kelly, Manhattan Project.

94 "Gen. Groves was still not satisfied": It is indicative of Groves's influence that he was able to demand specific bombing missions to hamper Germany's nuclear researches. At his request, the Berlin suburb of Dahlem-home to the Kaiser Wilhelm Inst.i.tute for Physics-was included in the bombing plan for the night of February 1516, 1944. During this heaviest RAF raid against the city of Berlin, the laboratory of leading Uranverein scientist Otto Hahn was. .h.i.t and all his papers were destroyed. Thereafter, the Uranverein facilities were dispersed around Germany-but by now Alsos knew most of these locations across the country.

95 "Deny the enemy his brain": Baggott, Atomic.

95 "Nothing spelled out": Ibid.

96 "pistol remained in Moe Berg's pocket": Ibid.

Chapter 10: THE FOG OF WAR.

97 "There is no reason why": Arieh Kochavi, Prelude to Nuremberg (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1998).

98 Morgenthau Plan: Yeadon and Hawkins, n.a.z.i Hydra.

98 Dr. Harry Dexter White: Whiting, Hitler's Secret War.

98 "Two of the Abwehr agents": Ibid.

98 "potato field": Berliner Morgenpost, October 5, 1944, reporting a speech by Goebbels that concluded with the words, "The enemy's destructive desires make us even harder and more determined to fight."

99 "ten fresh German divisions": William J. Bennett, America: The Last Best Hope, 2 vols. (Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2007).

99 "barely able to contain his indignation": Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Hyde Park, NY; OSS Official Dispatch Ref No. 250.

99 "process of money-laundering": Loftus and Aarons, Secret War Against the Jews.

99 Operation Safehaven: Loftus and Aarons, Secret War Against the Jews; Higham, Trading with the Enemy. See also Yeadon and Hawkins, n.a.z.i Hydra in America, for Roosevelt's plans to use British illegal wiretaps against corporate villains in postwar trials of treason.

100 Federal Economic Administration: von Ha.s.sell et al., Alliance of Enemies.

101 "embarra.s.sment to the Swiss government": Whiting, Hitler's Secret War.

101 "National Redoubt": Srodes, Allen Dulles.

101 "another conduit to the n.a.z.i leaders.h.i.+p": Breitman, U.S. Intelligence and the n.a.z.is. Following the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, Wilhelm Hottl had organized the transportation of 440,000 Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were put to death in the gas chambers between April and June 1944. Hottl was employed by various Allied intelligence services after the war as a reward for the part he played in Operation Crossword (see Chapter 12). He proved to be a useless informant and agent in the Cold War period.

102 "Luftwaffe code-breaking unit": Loftus and Aarons, Secret War Against the Jews.

102 "Dulles also exposed Henry Wallace": Srodes, Allen Dulles.

103 "we must fish in troubled waters": NARA, College Park, Maryland; NA RG 226 Entry 134, Records of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), Director's Office and Field Station Records.

103 "similar remit": OSS Art Looting Investigation Unit Final Report (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1946).

103 Madonna of La Gleize: Edsel, Monuments Men.

104 "Eagle's Nest": Franz W. Seidler and Dieter Zeigert, Hitler's Headquarters: The Fuhrer's Wartime Bases, from the Invasion of France to the Berlin Bunker (London: Greenhill Books, 2004).

105 German battle group in La Gleize: Bruce Quarrie, The Ardennes Offensive: VI Panzer Armee (Oxford: Osprey, 1999).

105 "We can still lose this war": Martin Blumenson, The Patton Papers, 19401945 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1974).

105 "If Germany beats us": The Eventful 20th Century: The World at War 19391945 (London: Reader's Digest a.s.sociation, 1998).

105 "Hitler's last gamble": Michael Veranov, The Third Reich at War: The Rise and Fall of Hitler's Military Machine (London: Magpie Books, 1997).

106 "She stood just as he had seen her": Edsel, Monuments Men.

Chapter 11: RAIDERS OF THE REICH.

107 "too much reliance on Ultra": Lewin, Ultra Goes to War.

108 "return cylinder that made decryption much more difficult": Ibid.

108 "Enigma Hour": Cornwell, Hitler's Scientists.

108 "TICOM teams": Richard J. Aldrich, GCHQ: The Uncensored Story of Britain's Most Secret Intelligence Agency (London: Harper Press, 2010).

109 "German intellectual property": John Gimbel, Science, Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990).

110 "thanks to Ultra": Lewin, Ultra Goes to War. The Me 262 gained its first victim on July 26, 1944, in an action against an RAF de Havilland Mosquito photoreconnaissance aircraft. It was not until February 1945 that it became truly operational as a fighter, but by then it was too late to have any significant effect on Allied air operations.

110 "Hitler's Wunderwaffen": Steven J. Zaloga, Remagen 1945: Endgame against the Third Reich (Oxford: Osprey, 2006).

110 "considerable lead in weapons technology": Zaloga, V-2 Ballistic Missile.

110 "Occupation of German scientific and industrial establishments": "Operation Paperclip," from "History of Rocketry" at http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/Paperclip.html.

110 Operation l.u.s.ty: Gimbel, Science, Technology and Reparations.

111 "exploitation of German technology": Ibid.

111 "The Big Three": Jonathan Fenby, Alliance: The Inside Story of How Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill Won One War and Began Another (London: Simon & Schuster, 2006).

112 "our inflexible purpose": Thacker, End of the Third Reich.

112 "their common hate": von Ha.s.sell et al., Alliance of Enemies.

112 "Auergesellschaft plant in Oranienburg:" Baggott, Atomic.

113 Operation Big: Kelly, Manhattan Project.

113 "all the German scientists": Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb.

113 "Soviet atomic research facility": Baggott, Atomic.

113 "unidentified black substance": The National Archives, Kew, London; File ADM 223/214.

114 "To h.e.l.l with the Russians": After-action report by Col. John Lansdale Jr., quoted in Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb.

114 "advanced aviation designs": After the war, the renowned German aircraft designer Prof. Kurt Tank, famous as the creator of the Focke-Wulf Fw.190 fighter, emigrated to Argentina under the name of Pedro Matthies to avoid prosecution by the Allies. There he was engaged to design the Pulqui II or Arrow jet aircraft at the Inst.i.tuto Aerotecnico in Cordoba, first flown on June 27, 1950, soon after the outbreak of the Korean War. Although largely successful, the Pulqui project was canceled in 1960 due to escalating costs and the availability of surplus F-86 Sabre jet aircraft. After the Peron regime fell in September 1955, the German design team was disbanded, and many of its members found employment in the U.S. aeronautical industry.

Similarly, soon after Bormann's arrival in Argentina, the Peron government hired n.a.z.i scientist Dr. Ronald Richter in October 1948 to develop a nuclear fission reactor for peaceful objectives. Instead, Richter persuaded Peron to fund the more advanced technology of nuclear fusion with the promise of producing limitless nuclear energy in milk-bottle-size containers to power all manner of household devices and vehicles. Construction of the fusion facility began in June 1949 on isolated Huemel Island in cold-water Nahuel Huapi Lake, not far from Hitler's lakeside house at Inalco. On March 24, 1951, the Peron government announced that "On February 16, 1951, in the ... Isla Huemel ... thermonuclear reactions under controlled conditions were performed on a technical scale." This would have made Argentina the first country in the world to harness nuclear energy for peaceful applications. It was, of course, all nonsense; controlled nuclear fusion remains the holy grail for scientists to this day. Richter and his team were sacked in November 1952 after Argentina had spent the equivalent of approximately $1 billion in today's money and some 150 times the amount that the United States was spending on nuclear fusion research at the time. Nevertheless, the Centro Atomico in nearby Bariloche remains the focal point of Argentine nuclear research. Proyecto Huemel or Project Huemel lives on in the Argentine pun Huele a mula, which means "It's a rip-off!"

115 "ma.s.sive discrepancies in military funds": Baggott, Atomic.

Chapter 12: BORMANN, DULLES, AND OPERATION CROSSWORD.

116 "Eagle's Nest": Seidler and Zeigert, Hitler's Secret Headquarters.

116 "33,000 telex messages": von Lang, Bormann.

117 "The more difficult the situation": Seidler and Zeigert, Hitler's Secret Headquarters.

117 "I will have you shot": Seidler and Zeigert, Hitler's Secret Headquarters.

117 "Germany will rise like a phoenix": Ibid.

117 "whole senior n.a.z.i hierarchy was present": Ibid.

117 "Operation North Wind": Ken Ford, The Rhineland 1945 (Oxford: Osprey, 2000).

118 "the Fuhrer was unhappy": Seidler and Zeigert, Hitler's Secret Headquarters.

118 "treue Heinrich": von Lang, Bormann.

119 "Uncle Heinrich's offensive did not work out": Ibid.

119 Heinrich Hoffmann: Ibid.

119 Dr. Karl Brandt: Ibid. After his trial at the Nuremberg International Tribunal, Brandt was hanged for crimes against humanity.

120 "National Socialists! Party comrades!": Ibid.

121 "best news we have had in years": Ibid.

121 "clear and present danger": Srodes, Allen Dulles.

122 "last physical barrier": William I. Hitchc.o.c.k, Liberation: The Bitter Road to Freedom, Europe 19441945 (London: Faber and Faber, 2008).

123 Operation Sunrise: Srodes, Allen Dulles.