Early American Scientific Instruments and Their Makers Part 9

[Ill.u.s.tration: Figure 55.--Receipted bill from Samuel Thaxter to Sam Brown, Boston, August 4, 1801. In collection of Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society.]

_John Dupee_

John Dupee of Boston apparently was another instrument maker of the pre-Revolutionary period actively engaged in producing wooden surveying compa.s.ses. Three wooden instruments with his compa.s.s card exist in private and public collections. The instruments are quite similar: the wood in each case is walnut or applewood, with an engraved paper mariner's compa.s.s card; a schooner at sea is figured within the central medallion, and inscribed within the riband enclosing it are the words "Made and Sold by JOHN DUPEE Ye North Side of Swing Bridge Boston New Eng." One of the instruments is owned by the South Natick [Ma.s.sachusetts] Historical Society; a second example is in the collection of the Bostonian Society; and a third is owned by a private collector.

There is no record of a maker of scientific instruments or clocks by the name of Dupee, although the name John Dupee occurs in the city records of Boston during the early decades of the 18th century. An advertis.e.m.e.nt in the February 9, 1761, issue of _The Boston Gazette_ states that

ISAAC DUPEE, Carver, Advertises his Customers and others, that since the late Fire (on Dock Square) he has opened a shop the North side of the Swing-Bridge, opposite to _Thomas Tyler's_, Esq.; where Business will be carried on as usual with Fidelity and Dispatch.

The natural a.s.sumption would be that the three instruments were produced in Isaac Dupee's shop after 1761, perhaps by the carver's son. The use of an engraved compa.s.s card indicates that the instruments were not unique, and that a number of others were produced or contemplated. On the other hand, it is likely that the maker produced other types of instruments utilizing such a card, such as mariner's compa.s.ses.

_Jere Clough_

Another instrument maker, presumably of Boston, is Jere Clough. The only instrument bearing his name known at present is a surveying compa.s.s (fig. 56), made of wood, in the Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures at Yale University. Clough's name does not appear on any of the lists of instrument makers or clockmakers, yet it is a name that is fairly prevalent in Boston. In 1741, for instance, one Joseph Clough of Boston was a maker of bellows. He produced bellows of all types--for furnaces, refiners, blacksmiths, braziers, and goldsmiths.[110]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Figure 56.--Wooden instrument made by Jere Clough. In Streeter Collection of Weights and Measures, Yale University.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Figure 57.--Wooden surveying compa.s.s made by Andrew Newell (1749-1798) of Boston. It is made of mahogany, is 11-1/2 in.

long, and has a diameter of 5 in. The engraved compa.s.s card is signed by Nathaniel Hurd, goldsmith, silversmith, and engraver of Boston. In collection of Yale University Art Gallery.]

_Andrew Newell_

An instrument of considerable significance is another wooden surveyor's compa.s.s, in the collection of the Yale University Art Gallery. This compa.s.s (fig. 57) is made of rich brown San Domingo mahogany with sighting bars of boxwood. A mariner's card, set into the opening with a metal vernier scale, is in the usual form of the mariner's compa.s.s card of the 18th century; it is executed as a line engraving. A s.h.i.+p and the Boston harbor lighthouse are featured in the central medallion. On a riband encircling the medallion is the inscription "Made by ANDW. NEWELL East End of the MARKET BOSTON," Engraved in script at the southern tip of the star is the signature "N. Hurd Sct."

Relatively little is known about Andrew Newell (1749-1798) except that he was a maker of mathematical instruments. An entry in the first Boston directory, in 1789, listed "Andrew Newell, instrument maker, 61 State Street." The directory of 1796 mentioned Newell as having a shop on the "East side of the Market," the address that appears on the surveying compa.s.s.

Two years later the Boston directory listed Andrew Newell and Son, and in 1800 the listing included only the name of Joseph Newell, who may have been the son. Another mathematical instrument maker named Charles Newell may have been another son of Andrew Newell; his name does not appear in the city Directory until in the 19th century. An instrument with the signature "Newell & Son, Makers, East End of Faneuil Hall, Boston" is in the collection of the Bostonian Society.

An important feature of the Newell instrument is the fact that the engraver of the compa.s.s card was Nathaniel Hurd (1729-1777), the peer of goldsmiths and engravers of the colonial period. This compa.s.s card is a previously unrecorded example of Hurd's work, and const.i.tutes a work of art, making the compa.s.s a historic scientific instrument.[111] The compa.s.s was presented to the Yale University Art Gallery by a Yale alumnus, Mr. Henry G. Schiff of New York City. No other examples have thus far been found.

_Aaron Breed_

Aaron Breed (1791-1861) is a relatively unknown maker of mathematical instruments who worked in Boston into the 19th century. He specialized in nautical, mathematical and optical instruments, with an address at 173 Broad Street, and another at No. 2 Rowe's Wharf, "At the Sign of the Quadrant." Breed made surveying instruments in bra.s.s and in wood. A bra.s.s instrument is in the Henry Ford Museum, and a wooden instrument is in the collection of Old Sturbridge Village. The latter is fas.h.i.+oned from walnut with an engraved compa.s.s card inscribed "Aaron Breed Boston."

_Charles Thacher_

The name of Charles Thacher appears on the compa.s.s card of a wooden surveying compa.s.s (fig. 58) in the collection of the Mariners' Museum, Norfolk, Virginia. No record of this maker has been found, but the engraved compa.s.s card indicates that he probably worked in New England.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Figure 58.--Wooden surveying compa.s.s made by Charles Thacher. It is made of cherry or maple; sighting bars are of oak.

Over-all length, 13-5/8 in. Photos courtesy Mariners Museum, Newport News, Virginia.]

_Benjamin King Hagger_

Benjamin King Hagger (c. 1769-1834) was the scion of two well-known families of instrument makers in New England, so it is not surprising that he worked in the same craft.

It is believed that Hagger was born in Newport, Rhode Island, about 1769, the son of William Guyse Hagger and of a sister of Benjamin King.

Although his father made instruments--at first in partners.h.i.+p with Benjamin King, and then working alone--in Newport at least as late as 1776, the family appears to have moved after the Revolution. William Guyse Hagger's name did not appear in the 1790 census of Newport, and it is presumed that he moved with his family to Boston.

Benjamin King Hagger was listed in the first city directory of Boston in 1789 as "a mathematical instrument maker" with an address on Ann Street; he was only 20 years of age at this time.

On November 10, 1793, Benjamin King Hagger, "mathematical instrument maker," purchased land with buildings on Prince Street near Snow Hill Street from one Peter Greene. Two years later, on December 1, 1795, Hagger, now listed simply as a "merchant," purchased a brick house, a wooden house, and a shed with land from William Ballard, a tailor of Framingham and an heir of Samuel Ballard. The property was located on the east side of North Street, south of Mill Creek. At the time of purchase, Hagger mortgaged the property to Ballard, and also mortgaged to him the house and land previously purchased from Greene.

Hagger was listed as a s.h.i.+p chandler in the following year when on March 24, 1796, he deeded part of his land on Prince Street to William and George Hillman, minors.

On June 22, 1796, three months later, Hagger, now listed as "mathematical instrument maker, and s.h.i.+p-chandler" deeded to a mariner named Thomas Wallis a house and land that formed part of his original purchase near Copp's Hill from Peter Greene. Then on July 21, 1796, he purchased from William Ballard all his right to the brick house and land on North Street (Ann Street), at the same time mortgaging the property to William Ballard, Jr., of Framingham. This mortgage was cancelled on April 11, 1798.[112]

These negotiations took place before marriage. A report of the Record Commissioners of Boston, states that "William King Hagger of Boston and Mehitable Ballard of Framingham were married October 6, 1796." The entry appears to be in error because the marriage intentions had read "Benjamin King Hagger." It is presumed that Mehitable was the daughter of William Ballard, the tailor of Framingham, from whom Hagger had bought his house on Ann Street, south of Mill Creek.[113]

Benjamin King Hagger is listed in the city directory of Boston for 1798 as a "mathematical instrument maker" on Ann Street. This, however, is the last listing for his name in Boston, as his name does not appear in the 1803 or subsequent directories.

Shortly after 1798 Hagger appears to have left Boston together with his wife, and it is probable that he established himself as an instrument maker in another Ma.s.sachusetts community, at present unknown. In about 1816 Hagger moved with his family to Baltimore and continued his instrument-making business.

The records of the 1850 Federal census of Baltimore indicate that two of Hagger's sons, John W. and William G. Hagger, had been born in 1800 and 1806 respectively, in Ma.s.sachusetts, presumably in the community to which Hagger had moved from Boston before moving once more to Baltimore.

According to Matchett's Baltimore directory for 1824, Hagger was a "mathematical and optical instrument maker" with a shop at 57 South Street. His advertis.e.m.e.nt in the directory stated that he

Respectfully acquaints his fellow citizens that he executes all orders in the line of his business with punctuality and confidently professes to give satisfaction to his employers, from the experience of a regular apprentices.h.i.+p and 37 years practice.

This indicates that Hagger completed his apprentices.h.i.+p in 1787, when he was 18, and since then had been established in his own business or had worked for another as a journeyman instrument maker. His first advertis.e.m.e.nt in the Boston directory appeared in 1789, wherein his shop was listed as being on Ann Street.

Hagger died in Baltimore on November 8, 1834, at the age of 65, after a residence of 18 years in that city.[114]

Thus far only one instrument by Hagger has been found--a wooden surveying instrument or semicirc.u.mferentor (fig. 59). It is in the possession of the writer.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Figure 59.--Wooden graphometer made by Benjamin King Hagger (c. 1769-1834) of Boston and Baltimore. Made of yellow birch, with the name and gradations and lines incised into the wood by means of tiny punches, and filled. Trough compa.s.s; sighting bars mounted on a swivelling bra.s.s bar; collapsible tripod made of maple. In collection of the writer.]

_Benjamin Warren_

[Ill.u.s.tration: Figure 60.--An advertis.e.m.e.nt of Benjamin Warren in _The Plymouth Journal & Ma.s.sachusetts Advertiser_. Photos courtesy The American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Ma.s.sachusetts.]

Production of wooden surveying compa.s.ses was not limited to Boston.

Another instrument maker who produced them was Benjamin Warren (c.

1740-?) of Plymouth, Ma.s.sachusetts. The name of Benjamin Warren was a fairly common one in Plymouth, being a name handed down in the family from father to son for at least five generations before 1800. The first Benjamin Warren at Plymouth was married in 1697, and his son Benjamin (2) was born in 1698. Benjamin (2) was married in due course, and his son Benjamin (3) was born in 1740. The third Benjamin was the father of Benjamin (4), who was born in 1766. In 1789 Benjamin (4) married Sarah Young, the daughter of Daniel Young, and their son Benjamin (5) was born in 1792. The Benjamin Warren who operated the shop in Plymouth probably was Benjamin Warren (3), who was then about 45 years of age.[115]

A search of _The Plymouth Journal & Ma.s.sachusetts Advertiser_ has revealed several advertis.e.m.e.nts and notices (fig. 60) about Benjamin Warren from which some information can be derived about the man and his business during this period. The first known notice dated March 19, 1785, probably is the most important one. Later in the same year, on August 16, 1785, Warren published the following notice:

WHEREAS on Friday Morning of the 5th inst. eloped from the House of the subscriber, _Inholder_ in Plymouth, JOHN MOREY, of NORTON, of tall stature, & round shoulder'd. Had on when he absconded, a shabby claret coloured coat, adorned with patches, and a pair of dirty smoak'd coloured breeches; without knee-buckles; and an old flopped hatt, defaced with grease.

As he appeared to be an enterprising genius, without abilities, politeness or honesty, and went off in an abrupt and clandestine manner; a reward of _Sixpence_ will be paid, to any person or persons, who will persuade or induce the said Morey to make his appearance once more to the subscriber.

It is obvious that Warren was not considerably concerned about the return of John Morey, for the reward offered was scarcely conducive to obtain the public's cooperation. Warren's first ventures with public sales must have been successful, for early in the next year, in the issue of January 3, 1786, he announced that