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12. di (dis) = twice, double; _dissyllable_
13. dis (di, dif) = apart, away, not; _distract, diverge, diversion, disparage_
14. en (em) = in, on, into; _engrave, embody, embrace_
15. extra = beyond; _extraordinary, extravagant_
16. hyper = above; _hypercritical_
17. in (il, im, ir) = in, into, not; _inclose, ill.u.s.trate, irrigate, inform, illiterate, impious, irregular_
18. ex (e, ec, ef) = out of, from, beyond, thoroughly, formerly but not now; _exclude, excel, ex-senator._
19. inter = between, among; _intercede, interchange, interfere, interurban, interlude_
20. mis = wrongly, badly; _miscalculate, misspell, misadventure_
21. mono = one; _monoplane_
22. per = through, thoroughly, by; _perchance, perfect, per-adventure_
23. poly = many; _polygon, polytheism_
24. post = behind, after; _postgraduate, post-mortem, postlude_, _postscript, post-meridian_ (P.M.)
25. pre = before (in time, place, or order); _preeminent, predict, prefer, prefix, prejudge, prejudice_
26. preter = beyond; _preternatural_
27. pro = before, forth, forward; _proceed, prosecute_
28. pro = siding with; _pro-ally_
29. re = back, again; _recover, renew, recall_
30. sub, etc. = under; _submerge, subscribe, subterranean, subterfuge_
31. super (sur) = over, above; _superintend, supercargo_
32. trans (tra) = across; _translate, transmit, transfer_
33. vice (vis) = instead of; _vice-president, vice-admiral_
SUFFIXES
1. ee, er = one who; _absentee_, _profiteer_, _mower_
2. ard, art= term of disparagement; _drunkard_, _braggart_
3. esque = like; _statuesque_
4. ism = state of being; _barbarism_, _atheism_
5. et, let = little; _brooklet_, _bracelet_, _eaglet_
6. ling = little, young; _duckling_, _gosling_
7. kin = little; _lambkin_, _Peterkin_
8. stead = a place; _bedstead_, _homestead_, _instead_
9. wright = a workman; _wheelwright_
Thesaurus. Besides frequently consulting a good modern dictionary a student speaker should familiarize himself with a _Thesaurus_ of words and phrases. This is a peculiarly useful compilation of expressions according to their meaning relations. A dictionary lists words, then gives their meanings. A Thesaurus arranges meanings, then gives the words that express those ideas. The value of such a book can be best ill.u.s.trated by explaining its use.
Suppose a speaker is going to attack some principle, some act, some party. He knows that his main theme will be denunciation of something.
In the index of a Thesaurus he looks under _denunciation_, finding two numbers of paragraphs. Turning to the first he has under his eye a group of words all expressing shades of this idea. There are further references to other related terms. Let us look at the first group, taken from Roget's _Thesaurus_.
MALEDICTON, curse, imprecation, denunciation, execration, anathema, ban, proscription, excommunication, commination, fulmination.
Cursing, scolding, railing, Billingsgate language.
_V_. To curse, accurse, imprecate, scold, rail, execrate.
To denounce, proscribe, excommunicate, fulminate.
_Adj_. Cursing, &c, cursed, &c.
THREAT, menace, defiance, abuse, commination, intimidation.
_V_. To threaten, menace, defy, fulminate; to intimidate.
_Adj_. Threatening, menacing, minatory, abusive.
The second reference leads us farther. It presents the expressions dealing with the methods and results of _denunciation_, providing hundreds of words and phrases to use in various ways. It does even more, for in a parallel column it gives a list of opposites for the words indicating _condemnation_. This more than doubles its value.
Finally having reached the word _punishment_ it lists its cognates until the idea _penalty_ is reached, where it balances that idea with _reward_ and its synonyms. A portion of this section follows.
LAWSUIT, suit, action, cause, trial, litigation.
Denunciation, citation, arraignment, persecution, indictment, impeachment, apprehension, arrest, committal, imprisonment.
Pleadings, writ, summons, plea, bill, affidavit, &c.
Verdict, sentence, judgment, finding, decree, arbitrament, adjudication, award.
_V_. To go to law; to take the law of; to appeal to the law; to join issue; file a bill, file a claim.
To denounce, cite, apprehend, arraign, sue, prosecute, bring to trial, indict, attach, distrain, to commit, give in charge or custody; throw into prison.
