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i. Stipule-scars present.
j. Bud-scale only 1 visible; twigs brittle. SALIX; p. 34.
jj. Bud-scales 2 or more; twigs not brittle.
k. Bark smooth, close, warty or peeling into papery layers, but not flaky nor rough-ridged.
l. Tip of bud appressed; fruit berry-like. CELTIS, p. 131.
ll. Tip of bud not appressed; fruit not berry-like.
m. Trunk fluted; catkins not present in winter; lenticels not elongated horizontally; low tree or bushy shrub. CARPINUS, p.
83.
mm. Trunk not fluted; catkins usually present in winter; lenticels elongated horizontally; large trees. BETULA, p. 85.
kk. Bark flaky or rough-ridged, not warty nor peeling off in papery layers.
l. Bundle-scars depressed, conspicuous; bark thick, more or less deeply furrowed. ULMUS, p. 123.
ll. Bundle-scars not depressed, inconspicuous; bark thin, broken into narrow, flattish strips, loose at the ends.
OSTRYA, p. 81.
ii. Stipule-scars absent.
j. Buds silky-p.u.b.escent, depressed; twigs stout, clumsy, blunt, with conspicuous leaf-scars. GYMNOCLADUS, p. 163.
jj. Buds glabrous, not depressed; twigs slender, with inconspicuous leaf-scars.
k. Buds 1/8 inch long, obtuse, somewhat flattened and appressed; pith with reddish longitudinal streaks. CERCIS, p.
167.
kk. Buds 1/8-1/4 inch long, acute, not flattened nor appressed; pith without reddish streaks. PRUNUS, p. 153.
ff. Bundle-scars 4-many.
g. Bundle-scars in a single U-shaped line.
h. Terminal bud present; fruit berry-like; a shrub or small tree. PYRUS, p. 143.
hh. Terminal bud absent; fruit not berry-like; large trees.
i. Stipule-scars present; twigs slender.
j. Stipule-scars encircling the twig; leaf-scars nearly surrounding the bud; bark peeling off in thin plates, exposing the lighter colored inner bark. PLATa.n.u.s, p. 141.
jj. Stipule-scars not encircling the twig; leaf-scars not nearly surrounding the bud; bark thick, rough-ridged, not exposing the inner bark. ULMUS, p. 123.
ii. Stipule-scars absent; twigs very stout.
j. Bundle-scars usually not more than 5. GYMNOCLADUS, p. 163.
jj. Bundle-scars usually 6-12. AILANTHUS, p. 171.
gg. Bundle-scars variously grouped or scattered, but not in a single line.
h. Terminal bud present.
i. Stipule-scars present.
j. Stipule-scars encircling the twig; visible bud-scales 2, united. LIRIODENDRON, p. 137.
jj. Stipule-scars not encircling the twig; visible bud-scales more than 2, not united.
k. Buds 4 times as long as broad, not cl.u.s.tered at the tips of vigorous shoots; fruit a p.r.i.c.kly bur. f.a.gUS, p. 93.
kk. Buds not 4 times as long as broad, usually cl.u.s.tered at the tips of vigorous shoots; fruit an acorn. QUERCUS, p. 98.
ii. Stipule-scars absent. CARYA, p. 67.
h. Terminal bud absent (occasionally present in _Castanea_).
i. Bud at end of twig very obliquely unsymmetrical, mucilaginous when chewed. TILIA, p. 201.
ii. Bud at end of twig symmetrical, not mucilaginous when chewed.
j. Bud-scales 2-3 visible; pith star-shaped in cross-section; sap not milky; fruit a p.r.i.c.kly bur, present; large tree.
CASTANEA, p. 95.
jj. Bud-scales 4-8 visible; pith not star-shaped in cross-section; sap milky; fruit berry-like, not present; small tree. MORUS, p. 135.
MANUAL OF TREES
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES
WITH
SUMMER AND WINTER KEYS
TO THE SPECIES
[Ill.u.s.tration: +Ginkgo. Maidenhair Tree+
1. Winter twig, 1/2.
