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28. "Only Poor Hang, Darrow Says in Gotham Debate," "Only Poor Hang, Darrow Says in Gotham Debate," New York Times New York Times, 27 October 1924; Debate, Resolved: That Capital Punishment Is a Wise Public Policy. Clarence Darrow, Negative; Judge Alfred J. Talley, Affirmative Debate, Resolved: That Capital Punishment Is a Wise Public Policy. Clarence Darrow, Negative; Judge Alfred J. Talley, Affirmative (New York: League for Public Discussion, 1924), 41. (New York: League for Public Discussion, 1924), 41.
29. "New Hospital Organized to Check Mental Diseases," "New Hospital Organized to Check Mental Diseases," New York Times New York Times, 11 May 1924; "Darrow Likes Plan for 'Crime Hospital,'" New York Times New York Times, 22 September 1924.
30. Edward Larson, Edward Larson, Summer for the G.o.ds: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion Summer for the G.o.ds: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate over Science and Religion (New York: Basic Books, 1997). (New York: Basic Books, 1997).
31. John Kobler, John Kobler, Capone: The Life and World of Al Capone Capone: The Life and World of Al Capone (New York: Putnam, 1971), 176179; Laurence Bergren, (New York: Putnam, 1971), 176179; Laurence Bergren, Capone: The Man and the Era Capone: The Man and the Era (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 162165. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 162165.
32. "Emmerson Wins by 400,000," "Emmerson Wins by 400,000," Chicago Daily Tribune, Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 April 1928. 11 April 1928.
33. Nathan F. Leopold, Nathan F. Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years Life Plus 99 Years (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 8788. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 8788.
34. Ibid., 132. Ibid., 132.
35. Gladys Erickson, Gladys Erickson, Warden Ragen of Joliet Warden Ragen of Joliet (New York: Dutton, 1957), 4247; James B. Jacobs, (New York: Dutton, 1957), 4247; James B. Jacobs, Stateville: The Penitentiary in Ma.s.s Society Stateville: The Penitentiary in Ma.s.s Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 2025. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977), 2025.
36. Jacobs, Jacobs, Stateville Stateville, 22; Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years Life Plus 99 Years, 173, 175, 177, 180181, 193, 216, 223235.
37. Nathan F. Leopold Jr. [William F. Lanne, pseud.], "Parole Prediction as Science," Nathan F. Leopold Jr. [William F. Lanne, pseud.], "Parole Prediction as Science," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 26 (19351936): 377400; Leopold, 26 (19351936): 377400; Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years Life Plus 99 Years, 251264.
38. "New Evidence of Loeb Prison Rule Revealed," "New Evidence of Loeb Prison Rule Revealed," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 February 1936; Erickson, Warden Ragen Warden Ragen, 80.
39. "Horner Yields to Demand for Prison Inquiry," "Horner Yields to Demand for Prison Inquiry," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 2 February 1936; "Prison a Homey Club with Dues, Felons Declare," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 21 February 1936; "Two Convicts Tell Favors to Loeb in Prison," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 June 1936.
40. "Kills Loeb; Prison Scandal," "Kills Loeb; Prison Scandal," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 January 1936; Seymour Korman, "Seek Death Jury to Try Convict Slayer of Loeb," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 May 1936.
41. Leopold, Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years Life Plus 99 Years, 266270.
42. In 1929 Illinois changed its method of execution to the electric chair. In 1929 Illinois changed its method of execution to the electric chair.
43. Leopold, Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years Life Plus 99 Years, 284.
44. Ibid., 281283. Ibid., 281283.
45. "Prison Malaria," "Prison Malaria," Life Life 15 (June 1945): 4346, 48; Charles Remsberg, "The Convict & Medical Research," 15 (June 1945): 4346, 48; Charles Remsberg, "The Convict & Medical Research," Kiwanis Magazine Kiwanis Magazine 46 (April 1961): 3840, 4950; Leopold, 46 (April 1961): 3840, 4950; Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years Life Plus 99 Years, 306.
46. George Wright, "Heirens Tells More Crime Details-Talks Five Hours," George Wright, "Heirens Tells More Crime Details-Talks Five Hours," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 July 1946; "Heirens Tells How He Strangled Suzanne Degnan, 6, and Carried Her Body from Home Down Ladder," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 7 August 1946.
47. Genevieve Scott, "Heirens Just an 'Ordinary Guy' to Cla.s.smates," Genevieve Scott, "Heirens Just an 'Ordinary Guy' to Cla.s.smates," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 30 June 1946.
48. "Leopold Term Cut 14 Years; Parole Possible in 1953," "Leopold Term Cut 14 Years; Parole Possible in 1953," Chicago Daily Sun Times Chicago Daily Sun Times, 23 September 1949.
49. Clayton Kirkpatrick, "Model Prisoner Leopold Numb at Idea of Freedom," Clayton Kirkpatrick, "Model Prisoner Leopold Numb at Idea of Freedom," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 August 1952.
50. Marcia Winn, "Is 33 Years Enough to Pay? Asks Leopold," Marcia Winn, "Is 33 Years Enough to Pay? Asks Leopold," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 10 March 1957; Marcia Winn, "Should Leopold Be Paroled?" Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 2 June 1957.
51. James Doherty, "How Leopold Asked Parole," James Doherty, "How Leopold Asked Parole," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 January 1953; John Bartlow Martin, "Murder on His Conscience," Sat.u.r.day Evening Post Sat.u.r.day Evening Post 2 (23 April 1955): 135. 2 (23 April 1955): 135.
52. Martin, "Murder," 135. Martin, "Murder," 135.
53. Elmer Gertz, Elmer Gertz, A Handful of Clients A Handful of Clients (Chicago: Follett, 1965), 97. (Chicago: Follett, 1965), 97.
54. Doherty, "How Leopold." Doherty, "How Leopold."
55. "Leopold Parole Bid Denied," "Leopold Parole Bid Denied," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 15 May 1953; Martin, "Murder," 135.
56. "Florida Says No to a Job for Leopold," "Florida Says No to a Job for Leopold," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 March 1958; Gertz, Handful of Clients Handful of Clients, 3839; Roy Brown, "Leopold's Life Ahead," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 13 March 1958.
57. Gertz, Gertz, Handful of Clients Handful of Clients, 5455.
58. Ibid., 6263. Ibid., 6263.
59. Joseph Egelhof, "Misled by Loeb: Leopold," Joseph Egelhof, "Misled by Loeb: Leopold," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 6 February 1958; Gertz, Handful of Clients Handful of Clients, 61.
60. Gertz, Gertz, Handful of Clients Handful of Clients, 100.
61. Ibid., 102. Ibid., 102.
62. "JACK EIGEN speaking," "JACK EIGEN speaking," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 8 March 1958; Gertz, Handful of Clients Handful of Clients, 103.
63. Tom Littlewood, "Leopold Wins Freedom after 33 Years in Cell; Touhy Also Gets Parole," Tom Littlewood, "Leopold Wins Freedom after 33 Years in Cell; Touhy Also Gets Parole," Chicago Daily Sun-Times Chicago Daily Sun-Times, 21 February 1958; Gertz, Handful of Clients Handful of Clients, 115116.
64. Gertz, Gertz, Handful of Clients Handful of Clients, 116.
65. Joseph Egelhof, "Illness Mars Leopold's First Day on Parole," Joseph Egelhof, "Illness Mars Leopold's First Day on Parole," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 14 March 1958; Gertz, Handful of Clients Handful of Clients, 117.
66. "Leopold Due on Job Today in Puerto Rico," "Leopold Due on Job Today in Puerto Rico," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 15 March 1958; Leopold Lands in Puerto Rico; Happy, He Says," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 16 March 1958. Leopold's graduate thesis was published as Nathan Freudenthal Leopold, "Caracteristicas Sicosociales de un Grupo de Miembros Pertenecientes a la Socieda de Alcoholicos Anonimos en la Penitencieria Estatal" (MA thesis, University of Puerto Rico, 1961).
67. Brown, "Leopold's Life Ahead"; "Leopold Will Study Year at Puerto Rico U.," Brown, "Leopold's Life Ahead"; "Leopold Will Study Year at Puerto Rico U.," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 August 1959.
68. "Leopold Sues Levin, Zanuck over Novel," "Leopold Sues Levin, Zanuck over Novel," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 October 1959.
69. Meyer Levin, Meyer Levin, The Obsession The Obsession (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), 225, 227. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973), 225, 227.
70. "Leopold Loses His Privacy Suit," "Leopold Loses His Privacy Suit," Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune, 28 May 1970.
71. Ray Brennan, "Leopold's Fiancee Tells of Romance in Letter," Ray Brennan, "Leopold's Fiancee Tells of Romance in Letter," Chicago Sun-Times Chicago Sun-Times, 12 January 1961; "Leopold and Widow Marry in Puerto Rico," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 8 February 1961.
72. Elmer Gertz, Elmer Gertz, To Life To Life (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 192193. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 192193.
73. "Nathan Leopold Dies at Age 66," "Nathan Leopold Dies at Age 66," Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune, 30 August 1971; "Leopold 'Atonement' Over, Widow States," Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune, 31 August 1971.
LEOPOLD AND LOEB IN FICTION.
1. Harry Salpeter, "F. Scott Fitzgerald Becomes Oracle," Harry Salpeter, "F. Scott Fitzgerald Becomes Oracle," The World The World (New York), 3 April 1927. (New York), 3 April 1927.
2. Nigel Jones, Nigel Jones, Through a Gla.s.s Darkly: The Life of Patrick Hamilton Through a Gla.s.s Darkly: The Life of Patrick Hamilton (London: Scribner, 1991), 153159; Sean French, (London: Scribner, 1991), 153159; Sean French, Patrick Hamilton: A Life Patrick Hamilton: A Life (London: Faber and Faber, 1993), 101104. (London: Faber and Faber, 1993), 101104.
3. Donald Spoto, Donald Spoto, The Art of Alfred Hitchc.o.c.k: Fifty Years of His Motion Pictures The Art of Alfred Hitchc.o.c.k: Fifty Years of His Motion Pictures, 2nd ed. (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 166172; Robin Wood, Hitchc.o.c.k's Films Revisited Hitchc.o.c.k's Films Revisited (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), 349357; Patrick McGilligan, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), 349357; Patrick McGilligan, Alfred Hitchc.o.c.k: A Life in Darkness and Light Alfred Hitchc.o.c.k: A Life in Darkness and Light (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 419420. (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 419420.
4. James Yaffe, James Yaffe, Nothing but the Night Nothing but the Night (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1957); Mary-Carter Roberts, (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1957); Mary-Carter Roberts, Little Brother Fate Little Brother Fate (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1957); Meyer Levin, (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1957); Meyer Levin, Compulsion Compulsion (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956). (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956).
5. Barbara Leaming, Barbara Leaming, Orson Welles Orson Welles (New York: Viking, 1985), 440445. (New York: Viking, 1985), 440445.
6. John Logan, John Logan, Never the Sinner: The Leopold and Loeb Story Never the Sinner: The Leopold and Loeb Story (New York: Overlook, 1999). (New York: Overlook, 1999).
SOURCES.
1. Hal Higdon, Hal Higdon, The Crime of the Century: The Leopold and Loeb Case The Crime of the Century: The Leopold and Loeb Case (New York: Putnam, 1975); Paula S. Fa.s.s, "Making and Remaking an Event: The Leopold and Loeb Case in American Culture," (New York: Putnam, 1975); Paula S. Fa.s.s, "Making and Remaking an Event: The Leopold and Loeb Case in American Culture," Journal of American History Journal of American History 80 (1993): 919951; Laurel Duchowny, " 80 (1993): 919951; Laurel Duchowny, "Life Plus 99 Years: Nathan Leopold and Chicago Criminology," Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 21 (2005): 336349; Scott W. Howe, "Rea.s.sessing the Individualization Mandate in Capital Sentencing: Darrow's Defense of Leopold and Loeb," 21 (2005): 336349; Scott W. Howe, "Rea.s.sessing the Individualization Mandate in Capital Sentencing: Darrow's Defense of Leopold and Loeb," Iowa Law Review Iowa Law Review 79 (19931994): 9891071. 79 (19931994): 9891071.
2. Darrow published his version of the speech as Darrow published his version of the speech as Clarence Darrow's Plea in Defense of Loeb and Leopold Clarence Darrow's Plea in Defense of Loeb and Leopold (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, 1926). (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, 1926).
3. Lloyd Wendt, Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979), 480486. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1979), 480486.
4. The history of the Hearst newspapers in Chicago is recounted in George Murray, The history of the Hearst newspapers in Chicago is recounted in George Murray, The Madhouse on Madison Street The Madhouse on Madison Street (Chicago: Follett, 1965). (Chicago: Follett, 1965).
5. Frank Luther Mott, Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History, 1690 American Journalism: A History, 16901960, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 562564, 662.
6. Joseph P. Savage, Joseph P. Savage, A Man Named Savage A Man Named Savage (New York: Vantage, 1975). (New York: Vantage, 1975).
7. Clarence Darrow, Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life The Story of My Life (New York: Scribner, 1932), 226243. (New York: Scribner, 1932), 226243.
8. Nathan F. Leopold Jr., Nathan F. Leopold Jr., Life Plus 99 Years Life Plus 99 Years (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958). (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958).
